Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(59 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Conjunctivitis}}
{{Conjunctivitis}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SaraM}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SaraM}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Conjunctivitis accounts for 1% of all primary care and emergency room visits.
Conjunctivitis accounts for 1% of all primary care and emergency room visits. The incidence of viral conjunctivitis is approximately 80,000 per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis. Viral conjunctivitis more commonly affects adults while bacterial conjunctivitis more commonly affects children.
Viral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis both overall and in the adult population, and is more prevalent in summer. Bacterial conjunctivitis is the second most common cause.<ref name="pmid8333258">{{cite journal| author=Hørven I| title=Acute conjunctivitis. A comparison of fusidic acid viscous eye drops and chloramphenicol. | journal=Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) | year= 1993 | volume= 71 | issue= 2 | pages= 165-8 | pmid=8333258 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8333258  }} </ref>


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
 
===Prevalence and Incidence===
===Prevalence===
*The [[prevalence]] and [[incidence]] of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patient’s age, as well as the season of the year.<ref name="pmid17970823">{{cite journal| author=Høvding G| title=Acute bacterial conjunctivitis. | journal=Acta Ophthalmol | year= 2008 | volume= 86 | issue= 1 | pages= 5-17 | pmid=17970823 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.01006.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17970823  }} </ref>
 
====Infective Conjunctivitis====
The prevalence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patient’s age, as well as the season of the year. [[Viruses]] cause up to 80000 of all cases of acute conjunctivitis, and  Between 65% and 90% of cases of '''viral conjunctivitis''' are caused by ''[[adenoviruses]]''. ''[[Herpes simplex virus]]'' comprises 1.3% to 4.8% of all cases of acute conjunctivitis.<ref name="pmid8333258">{{cite journal| author=Hørven I| title=Acute conjunctivitis. A comparison of fusidic acid viscous eye drops and chloramphenicol. | journal=Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) | year= 1993 | volume= 71 | issue= 2 | pages= 165-8 | pmid=8333258 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8333258 }} </ref>
*The incidence of viral conjunctivitis is approximately 80,000 per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis.
 
*The incidence of viral conjunctivitis caused by adenoviruses approximately ranges from 65,000 to 90,000 cases per 100,000 cases with viral conjunctivitis .
Prevalence of '''neonatal conjunctivitis''' has decreased significantly in developed countries since the abandonment of silver nitrate as topical prophylaxis.<ref name="pmid2877285">{{cite journal| author=Laga M, Plummer FA, Nzanze H, Namaara W, Brunham RC, Ndinya-Achola JO et al.| title=Epidemiology of ophthalmia neonatorum in Kenya. | journal=Lancet | year= 1986 | volume= 2 | issue= 8516 | pages= 1145-9 | pmid=2877285 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2877285 }} </ref>
*The incidence of viral conjunctivitis caused by [[herpes simplex virus|herpes simplex virus (HSV)]] ranges from 1,300 to 4,800 cases per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis.<ref name="pmid10922425">{{cite journal| author=Leibowitz HM| title=The red eye. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2000 | volume= 343 | issue= 5 | pages= 345-51 | pmid=10922425 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200008033430507 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10922425  }} </ref>
 
*The incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis was estimated to be 1,350 cases per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis.<ref name="pmid19939250">{{cite journal| author=Smith AF, Waycaster C| title=Estimate of the direct and indirect annual cost of bacterial conjunctivitis in the United States. | journal=BMC Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue= | pages= 13 | pmid=19939250 | doi=10.1186/1471-2415-9-13 | pmc=2791746 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19939250 }} </ref>
'''Allergic conjunctivitis''' alone has been estimated in 6-30% of the general population and in up to 30% in children alone or in association with allergic rhinitis. Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent form; however, studies from tertiary, ophthalmology referral centers report that the chronic forms, such as vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis, are the most frequently seen by ophthalmologists.<ref name="pmid26258920">{{cite journal| author=Leonardi A, Castegnaro A, Valerio AL, Lazzarini D| title=Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis: clinical appearance and treatment patterns in a population-based study. | journal=Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue= 5 | pages= 482-8 | pmid=26258920 | doi=10.1097/ACI.0000000000000204 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26258920  }} </ref>
====Neonatal Conjunctivitis====
*Worldwide, neonatal conjunctivitis or [[ophthalmia neonatorum]] still blinds approximately 10,000 babies annually.<ref name="pmid8771523">{{cite journal| author=Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Wood M| title=The influence of perinatal infective factors on ophthalmia neonatorum. | journal=J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus | year= 1996 | volume= 33 | issue= 3 | pages= 185-8 | pmid=8771523 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8771523 }} </ref>
'''Dry eye syndrome''' is very common. Prevalence estimates range from approximately 10%-30% of the population.
====Allergic Conjunctivitis====
 
*The prevalence of [[allergic conjunctivitis]] is estimated to range from 6,000 to 40,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually.<ref name="pmid26258920">{{cite journal| author=Leonardi A, Castegnaro A, Valerio AL, Lazzarini D| title=Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis: clinical appearance and treatment patterns in a population-based study. | journal=Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue= 5 | pages= 482-8 | pmid=26258920 | doi=10.1097/ACI.0000000000000204 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26258920  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21785348">Rosario N, Bielory L (2011) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21785348 Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis.] ''Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol'' 11 (5):471-6. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e32834a9676 DOI:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32834a9676] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/21785348 21785348]</ref>
===Incidence===
====Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca====  
The incidence of '''bacterial conjunctivitis''' was estimated to be 135 in 10,000 population/ year.
*The prevalence of [[keratoconjunctivitis sicca|keratoconjunctivitis sicca (Dry eye syndrome)]] approximately ranges from 10,000 to 30,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually.<ref name="pmid12888056">{{cite journal| author=Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Buring JE, Dana MR| title=Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women. | journal=Am J Ophthalmol | year= 2003 | volume= 136 | issue= 2 | pages= 318-26 | pmid=12888056 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12888056  }} </ref>
 
The incidence of '''neonatal conjunctivitis''' ranges from 1-2%.
 
The incidence of '''infective conjunctivitis''' is higher in children <1 year old (8000 cases per 100,000 patient-years) than in children >4 years of age (1200 cases per 100,000 patient-years).
 
===Age===
===Age===
While '''viral conjunctivitis''' is more common in adults, bacterial conjunctivitis is more common in children.
*'''Viral conjunctivitis''' commonly affects adults, and '''bacterial conjunctivitis''' commonly affects children.
 
*The [[incidence]] of '''infective conjunctivitis''' is higher in children <1 year old (8,000 cases per 100,000 patient) than in children >4 years of age (1,200 cases per 100,000 patient).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rose P |title=Management strategies for acute infective conjunctivitis in primary care: a systematic review |journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=1903–21 |year=2007 |month=August |pmid=17696792 |doi=10.1517/14656566.8.12.1903 |url=}}</ref>
'''Dry eye syndrome''' affecting a significant percentage of the population, especially those older than 40 years.<ref name="pmid19506195">{{cite journal| author=Schaumberg DA, Dana R, Buring JE, Sullivan DA| title=Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 127 | issue= 6 | pages= 763-8 | pmid=19506195 | doi=10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.103 | pmc=2836718 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19506195  }} </ref>
*Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), an '''allergic conjunctivitis''' subtype, commonly affects young males.<ref name="pmid15069427">{{cite journal| author=Bonini S, Coassin M, Aronni S, Lambiase A| title=Vernal keratoconjunctivitis. | journal=Eye (Lond) | year= 2004 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= 345-51 | pmid=15069427 | doi=10.1038/sj.eye.6700675 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15069427  }} </ref>
 
*'''Keraroconjunctivitis sicca''' commonly affects patients older than 40 years.<ref name="pmid19506195">{{cite journal| author=Schaumberg DA, Dana R, Buring JE, Sullivan DA| title=Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 127 | issue= 6 | pages= 763-8 | pmid=19506195 | doi=10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.103 | pmc=2836718 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19506195  }} </ref>
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is an allergic eye disease that especially affects young boys.<ref name="pmid15069427">{{cite journal| author=Bonini S, Coassin M, Aronni S, Lambiase A| title=Vernal keratoconjunctivitis. | journal=Eye (Lond) | year= 2004 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= 345-51 | pmid=15069427 | doi=10.1038/sj.eye.6700675 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15069427 }} </ref>
*'''[[Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis|Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK)]]'''  commonly affects middle-aged people (around the sixth decade of life).<ref name="pmid11914237">{{cite journal| author=Watson S, Tullo AB, Carley F| title=Treatment of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis with a unilateral bandage contact lens. | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2002 | volume= 86 | issue= 4 | pages= 485-6 | pmid=11914237 | doi= | pmc=1771108 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11914237 }} </ref>
 
===Gender===
===Gender===
'''Infective Conjunctivitis''' occurs equally in males and females.
*'''Infective Conjunctivitis''' occurs equally in males and females.<ref name="pmid2797725">{{cite journal| author=Fitch CP, Rapoza PA, Owens S, Murillo-Lopez F, Johnson RA, Quinn TC et al.| title=Epidemiology and diagnosis of acute conjunctivitis at an inner-city hospital. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 1989 | volume= 96 | issue= 8 | pages= 1215-20 | pmid=2797725 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2797725  }} </ref>
 
*The incidence of '''neonatal conjunctivitis''' does not vary by gender.<ref name="pmid26236350">{{cite journal| author=Moore DL, MacDonald NE, Canadian Paediatric Society, Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee| title=Preventing ophthalmia neonatorum. | journal=Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol | year= 2015 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 122-5 | pmid=26236350 | doi= | pmc=4507834 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26236350  }} </ref>
''' Dry eye syndrome''' is more common in women, An estimated 3.23 million women and 1.68 million men aged 50 years and older are affected.<ref name="pmid10386512">{{cite journal| author=Schein OD, Hochberg MC, Muñoz B, Tielsch JM, Bandeen-Roche K, Provost T et al.| title=Dry eye and dry mouth in the elderly: a population-based assessment. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1999 | volume= 159 | issue= 12 | pages= 1359-63 | pmid=10386512 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10386512 }} </ref>
*Women are more commonly affected with '''keratoconjunctivitis sicca''' associated with [[Sjögren's syndrome]] than men. The  female to male ratio is approximately 9 to 1.<ref name="pmid17508117">{{cite journal| author=| title=The epidemiology of dry eye disease: report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). | journal=Ocul Surf | year= 2007 | volume= 5 | issue= 2 | pages= 93-107 | pmid=17508117 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17508117  }} </ref>
*Women are more commonly affected with [[superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis|Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK)]] than men. The  female to male ratio is approximately 3 to 1.<ref name="pmid2695351">{{cite journal| author=Nelson JD| title=Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK). | journal=Eye (Lond) | year= 1989 | volume= 3 ( Pt 2) | issue= | pages= 180-9 | pmid=2695351 | doi=10.1038/eye.1989.26 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2695351 }} </ref>


===Race===
===Race===
'''Infective conjunctivitis''' occurs in persons of all races
*The prevalence of '''Infective conjunctivitis''' does not vary by race.<ref name="pmid19552618">{{cite journal| author=O'Brien TP, Jeng BH, McDonald M, Raizman MB| title=Acute conjunctivitis: truth and misconceptions. | journal=Curr Med Res Opin | year= 2009 | volume= 25 | issue= 8 | pages= 1953-61 | pmid=19552618 | doi=10.1185/03007990903038269 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19552618 }} </ref>
 
*'''Vernal keraroconjunctivitis''' commonly affects dark-skinned individuals from Africa and India.<ref name="pmid18356259">{{cite journal| author=Bremond-Gignac D, Donadieu J, Leonardi A, Pouliquen P, Doan S, Chiambarretta F et al.| title=Prevalence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a rare disease? | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2008 | volume= 92 | issue= 8 | pages= 1097-102 | pmid=18356259 | doi=10.1136/bjo.2007.117812 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18356259  }} </ref>
The frequency and the clinical diagnosis of '''dry eye syndrome''' appear to be greater in the Hispanic and Asian populations than in whites.<ref name="pmid10980773">{{cite journal| author=Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE| title=Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2000 | volume= 118 | issue= 9 | pages= 1264-8 | pmid=10980773 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10980773 }} </ref>
*'''Keraroconjunctivitis sicca''' usually affects individuals of the Hispanic and Asian populations.<ref name="pmid10980773">{{cite journal| author=Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE| title=Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2000 | volume= 118 | issue= 9 | pages= 1264-8 | pmid=10980773 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10980773  }} </ref>
 
'''Vernal keraroconjunctivitis''' commonly occurs in dark-skinned individuals from Africa and India.<ref name="pmid18356259">{{cite journal| author=Bremond-Gignac D, Donadieu J, Leonardi A, Pouliquen P, Doan S, Chiambarretta F et al.| title=Prevalence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a rare disease? | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2008 | volume= 92 | issue= 8 | pages= 1097-102 | pmid=18356259 | doi=10.1136/bjo.2007.117812 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18356259  }} </ref>
 
===Developed Countries===
===Developed Countries===
Prevalence of '''neonatal conjunctivitis''' has decreased significantly in developed countries since the abandonment of silver nitrate as topical prophylaxis. Current estimates of prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis in developed countries are < 0.5%.<ref name="pmid24150468">{{cite journal| author=Azari AA, Barney NP| title=Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment. | journal=JAMA | year= 2013 | volume= 310 | issue= 16 | pages= 1721-9 | pmid=24150468 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.280318 | pmc=4049531 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24150468  }} </ref>
[[Prevalence]] of '''neonatal conjunctivitis''' has decreased significantly in developed countries since the abandonment of [[silver nitrate]] as topical prophylaxis. Current prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis in developed countries are 5 per 1,000 live births.<ref name="pmid24150468">{{cite journal| author=Azari AA, Barney NP| title=Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment. | journal=JAMA | year= 2013 | volume= 310 | issue= 16 | pages= 1721-9 | pmid=24150468 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.280318 | pmc=4049531 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24150468 }} </ref>
*In Belgium and the Netherlands, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis due to [[gonococcal]] infection was estimated 0.04 per 1,000 live births.<ref name="pmid25606121">{{cite journal| author=Mallika P, Asok T, Faisal H, Aziz S, Tan A, Intan G| title=Neonatal conjunctivitis - a review. | journal=Malays Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 77-81 | pmid=25606121 | doi= | pmc=4170304 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25606121  }} </ref>
*In the United States, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis due to [[gonococcal]] infection was estiamted 0.3 per 1,000 live births.
*In the United States, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by [[chlamydial]] infection was estimated 5 to 60 cases per 1,000 live births.
*In the United Kingdom, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by [[chlamydial]] infection was estimated 4 cases per 1,000 live births.<ref name="pmid11285676">{{cite journal| author=Schaller UC, Klauss V| title=Is Credé's prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum still valid? | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year= 2001 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 262-3 | pmid=11285676 | doi= | pmc=2566367 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11285676  }} </ref>
*In the United States, the incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis is 23,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 0-2 year age range), 28,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 3-9 year range), 13,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 10-19 year range) with the remaining 36,000 per 100,000 cases (in adults).<ref name="pmid21718563">{{cite journal| author=Epling J| title=Bacterial conjunctivitis. | journal=BMJ Clin Evid | year= 2010 | volume= 2010 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=21718563 | doi= | pmc=2907624 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21718563 }} </ref>


===Developing Countries===
===Developing Countries===
The incidence of  neonatal conjunctivitis is still high in certain regions of the world, particularly in developing countries. A recent study found an estimated prevalence of 17% among nearly 1000 newborn infants in Pakistan, and Incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis remains high in Africa.
*In developing countries, the [[incidence]] of '''bacterial conjunctivitis''' is continuing to decrease.
 
*In the Africa, the incidence of  '''neonatal conjunctivitis''' is still high.<ref name="pmid11285676">{{cite journal| author=Schaller UC, Klauss V| title=Is Credé's prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum still valid? | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year= 2001 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 262-3 | pmid=11285676 | doi= | pmc=2566367 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11285676  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}


[[Category:Ophthalmology]]
[[Category:Ophthalmology]]
[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:FinalQCRequired]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 21:07, 29 July 2020

Conjunctivitis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Conjunctivitis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Case Studies

Case #1

Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics

CDC on Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics

Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics in the news

Blogs on Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics

Directions to Hospitals Treating Conjunctivitis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]

Overview

Conjunctivitis accounts for 1% of all primary care and emergency room visits. The incidence of viral conjunctivitis is approximately 80,000 per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis. Viral conjunctivitis more commonly affects adults while bacterial conjunctivitis more commonly affects children.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence and Incidence

  • The prevalence and incidence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patient’s age, as well as the season of the year.[1]

Infective Conjunctivitis

  • The incidence of viral conjunctivitis is approximately 80,000 per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis.
  • The incidence of viral conjunctivitis caused by adenoviruses approximately ranges from 65,000 to 90,000 cases per 100,000 cases with viral conjunctivitis .
  • The incidence of viral conjunctivitis caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) ranges from 1,300 to 4,800 cases per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis.[2]
  • The incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis was estimated to be 1,350 cases per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis.[3]

Neonatal Conjunctivitis

Allergic Conjunctivitis

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

Age

  • Viral conjunctivitis commonly affects adults, and bacterial conjunctivitis commonly affects children.
  • The incidence of infective conjunctivitis is higher in children <1 year old (8,000 cases per 100,000 patient) than in children >4 years of age (1,200 cases per 100,000 patient).[8]
  • Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), an allergic conjunctivitis subtype, commonly affects young males.[9]
  • Keraroconjunctivitis sicca commonly affects patients older than 40 years.[10]
  • Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) commonly affects middle-aged people (around the sixth decade of life).[11]

Gender

  • Infective Conjunctivitis occurs equally in males and females.[12]
  • The incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis does not vary by gender.[13]
  • Women are more commonly affected with keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with Sjögren's syndrome than men. The female to male ratio is approximately 9 to 1.[14]
  • Women are more commonly affected with Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) than men. The female to male ratio is approximately 3 to 1.[15]

Race

  • The prevalence of Infective conjunctivitis does not vary by race.[16]
  • Vernal keraroconjunctivitis commonly affects dark-skinned individuals from Africa and India.[17]
  • Keraroconjunctivitis sicca usually affects individuals of the Hispanic and Asian populations.[18]

Developed Countries

Prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis has decreased significantly in developed countries since the abandonment of silver nitrate as topical prophylaxis. Current prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis in developed countries are 5 per 1,000 live births.[19]

  • In Belgium and the Netherlands, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis due to gonococcal infection was estimated 0.04 per 1,000 live births.[20]
  • In the United States, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis due to gonococcal infection was estiamted 0.3 per 1,000 live births.
  • In the United States, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by chlamydial infection was estimated 5 to 60 cases per 1,000 live births.
  • In the United Kingdom, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by chlamydial infection was estimated 4 cases per 1,000 live births.[21]
  • In the United States, the incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis is 23,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 0-2 year age range), 28,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 3-9 year range), 13,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 10-19 year range) with the remaining 36,000 per 100,000 cases (in adults).[22]

Developing Countries

  • In developing countries, the incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis is continuing to decrease.
  • In the Africa, the incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis is still high.[21]

References

  1. ↑ Høvding G (2008). "Acute bacterial conjunctivitis". Acta Ophthalmol. 86 (1): 5–17. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.01006.x. PMID 17970823.
  2. ↑ Leibowitz HM (2000). "The red eye". N Engl J Med. 343 (5): 345–51. doi:10.1056/NEJM200008033430507. PMID 10922425.
  3. ↑ Smith AF, Waycaster C (2009). "Estimate of the direct and indirect annual cost of bacterial conjunctivitis in the United States". BMC Ophthalmol. 9: 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-9-13. PMC 2791746. PMID 19939250.
  4. ↑ Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Wood M (1996). "The influence of perinatal infective factors on ophthalmia neonatorum". J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 33 (3): 185–8. PMID 8771523.
  5. ↑ Leonardi A, Castegnaro A, Valerio AL, Lazzarini D (2015). "Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis: clinical appearance and treatment patterns in a population-based study". Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 15 (5): 482–8. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000204. PMID 26258920.
  6. ↑ Rosario N, Bielory L (2011) Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 11 (5):471-6. DOI:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32834a9676 PMID: 21785348
  7. ↑ Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Buring JE, Dana MR (2003). "Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women". Am J Ophthalmol. 136 (2): 318–26. PMID 12888056.
  8. ↑ Rose P (2007). "Management strategies for acute infective conjunctivitis in primary care: a systematic review". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 8 (12): 1903–21. doi:10.1517/14656566.8.12.1903. PMID 17696792. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Bonini S, Coassin M, Aronni S, Lambiase A (2004). "Vernal keratoconjunctivitis". Eye (Lond). 18 (4): 345–51. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6700675. PMID 15069427.
  10. ↑ Schaumberg DA, Dana R, Buring JE, Sullivan DA (2009). "Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies". Arch Ophthalmol. 127 (6): 763–8. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.103. PMC 2836718. PMID 19506195.
  11. ↑ Watson S, Tullo AB, Carley F (2002). "Treatment of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis with a unilateral bandage contact lens". Br J Ophthalmol. 86 (4): 485–6. PMC 1771108. PMID 11914237.
  12. ↑ Fitch CP, Rapoza PA, Owens S, Murillo-Lopez F, Johnson RA, Quinn TC; et al. (1989). "Epidemiology and diagnosis of acute conjunctivitis at an inner-city hospital". Ophthalmology. 96 (8): 1215–20. PMID 2797725.
  13. ↑ Moore DL, MacDonald NE, Canadian Paediatric Society, Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee (2015). "Preventing ophthalmia neonatorum". Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 26 (3): 122–5. PMC 4507834. PMID 26236350.
  14. ↑ "The epidemiology of dry eye disease: report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007)". Ocul Surf. 5 (2): 93–107. 2007. PMID 17508117.
  15. ↑ Nelson JD (1989). "Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK)". Eye (Lond). 3 ( Pt 2): 180–9. doi:10.1038/eye.1989.26. PMID 2695351.
  16. ↑ O'Brien TP, Jeng BH, McDonald M, Raizman MB (2009). "Acute conjunctivitis: truth and misconceptions". Curr Med Res Opin. 25 (8): 1953–61. doi:10.1185/03007990903038269. PMID 19552618.
  17. ↑ Bremond-Gignac D, Donadieu J, Leonardi A, Pouliquen P, Doan S, Chiambarretta F; et al. (2008). "Prevalence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a rare disease?". Br J Ophthalmol. 92 (8): 1097–102. doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.117812. PMID 18356259.
  18. ↑ Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE (2000). "Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome". Arch Ophthalmol. 118 (9): 1264–8. PMID 10980773.
  19. ↑ Azari AA, Barney NP (2013). "Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment". JAMA. 310 (16): 1721–9. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280318. PMC 4049531. PMID 24150468.
  20. ↑ Mallika P, Asok T, Faisal H, Aziz S, Tan A, Intan G (2008). "Neonatal conjunctivitis - a review". Malays Fam Physician. 3 (2): 77–81. PMC 4170304. PMID 25606121.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Schaller UC, Klauss V (2001). "Is Credé's prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum still valid?". Bull World Health Organ. 79 (3): 262–3. PMC 2566367. PMID 11285676.
  22. ↑ Epling J (2010). "Bacterial conjunctivitis". BMJ Clin Evid. 2010. PMC 2907624. PMID 21718563.


Template:WikiDoc Sources

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Conjunctivitis_epidemiology_and_demographics&oldid=1636496"