Myelofibrosis causes: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
(14 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Myelofibrosis}}
{{Myelofibrosis}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{MJK}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Sab}}
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
Myelofibrosis is caused by a mutation in ''[[JAK2]]'', ''[[Calreticulin|CALR]]'', and ''[[Myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene|MPL]]'' genes.<ref name="TefferiLasho2014">{{cite journal|last1=Tefferi|first1=A|last2=Lasho|first2=T L|last3=Finke|first3=C M|last4=Knudson|first4=R A|last5=Ketterling|first5=R|last6=Hanson|first6=C H|last7=Maffioli|first7=M|last8=Caramazza|first8=D|last9=Passamonti|first9=F|last10=Pardanani|first10=A|title=CALR vs JAK2 vs MPL-mutated or triple-negative myelofibrosis: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular comparisons|journal=Leukemia|volume=28|issue=7|year=2014|pages=1472–1477|issn=0887-6924|doi=10.1038/leu.2014.3}}</ref><ref name="pmid15781101">{{cite journal |author=Baxter EJ, Scott LM, Campbell PJ, ''et al'' |title=Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9464 |pages=1054–61 |year=2005 |pmid=15781101 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71142-9 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(05)71142-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid16834459">{{cite journal |author=Pikman Y, Lee BH, Mercher T, ''et al'' |title=MPLW515L is a novel somatic activating mutation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=e270 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16834459 |pmc=1502153 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270 |url=http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270}}</ref>
[[Myelofibrosis]] is most commonly caused by [[Somatic mutation|somatic mutations]] in the [[Myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene|myeloproliferative leukemia virus (MPL) oncogene]], the [[Calreticulin|calreticulin (CALR) gene]], or [[Janus kinase 2|Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene]]. Less common [[mutations]] in other [[Gene|genes]] have also been documented. It can also be the result of other primary disorders manifesting as a complication or part of the disease process. Infections, malignancies, hematologic disorders, autoimmune diseases and exposure to certain toxins can also cause myelofibrosis.
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
Myelofibrosis is caused by a mutation in the following genes:
===Life-threatening Causes===
<ref name="TefferiLasho2014">{{cite journal|last1=Tefferi|first1=A|last2=Lasho|first2=T L|last3=Finke|first3=C M|last4=Knudson|first4=R A|last5=Ketterling|first5=R|last6=Hanson|first6=C H|last7=Maffioli|first7=M|last8=Caramazza|first8=D|last9=Passamonti|first9=F|last10=Pardanani|first10=A|title=CALR vs JAK2 vs MPL-mutated or triple-negative myelofibrosis: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular comparisons|journal=Leukemia|volume=28|issue=7|year=2014|pages=1472–1477|issn=0887-6924|doi=10.1038/leu.2014.3}}</ref><ref name="pmid15781101">{{cite journal |author=Baxter EJ, Scott LM, Campbell PJ, ''et al'' |title=Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9464 |pages=1054–61 |year=2005 |pmid=15781101 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71142-9 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(05)71142-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid16834459">{{cite journal |author=Pikman Y, Lee BH, Mercher T, ''et al'' |title=MPLW515L is a novel somatic activating mutation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=e270 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16834459 |pmc=1502153 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270 |url=http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270}}</ref>
There are no life-threatening causes of myelofibrosis, however complications resulting from untreated myelofibrosis is common.
*''[[JAK2]]''
===Common Causes===  
*''[[Calreticulin|CALR]]''
Common causes of myelofibrosis include:
*''[[Myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene|MPL]]''
*Genetic mutations in:
:*[[Myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene|Myeloproliferative leukemia virus (MPL) oncogene]]<ref name="pmid27870387">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A |title=Primary myelofibrosis: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=1262–1271 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27870387 |doi=10.1002/ajh.24592 |url=}}</ref><ref name="TefferiLasho2014">{{cite journal|last1=Tefferi|first1=A|last2=Lasho|first2=T L|last3=Finke|first3=C M|last4=Knudson|first4=R A|last5=Ketterling|first5=R|last6=Hanson|first6=C H|last7=Maffioli|first7=M|last8=Caramazza|first8=D|last9=Passamonti|first9=F|last10=Pardanani|first10=A|title=CALR vs JAK2 vs MPL-mutated or triple-negative myelofibrosis: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular comparisons|journal=Leukemia|volume=28|issue=7|year=2014|pages=1472–1477|issn=0887-6924|doi=10.1038/leu.2014.3}}</ref><ref name="pmid15781101">{{cite journal |author=Baxter EJ, Scott LM, Campbell PJ, ''et al'' |title=Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9464 |pages=1054–61 |year=2005 |pmid=15781101 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71142-9 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(05)71142-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid16834459">{{cite journal |author=Pikman Y, Lee BH, Mercher T, ''et al'' |title=MPLW515L is a novel somatic activating mutation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=e270 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16834459 |pmc=1502153 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270 |url=http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270}}</ref><ref name="pmid27756071">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alshemmari SH, Rajan R, Emadi A |title=Molecular Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance of Driver Mutations in Primary Myelofibrosis: A Review |journal=Med Princ Pract |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=501–509 |date=2016 |pmid=27756071 |pmc=5588514 |doi=10.1159/000450956 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27913528">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shammo JM, Stein BL |title=Mutations in MPNs: prognostic implications, window to biology, and impact on treatment decisions |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume=2016 |issue=1 |pages=552–560 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27913528 |pmc=6142495 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.552 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24997152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li B, Xu J, Wang J, Gale RP, Xu Z, Cui Y, Yang L, Xing R, Ai X, Qin T, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Xiao Z |title=Calreticulin mutations in Chinese with primary myelofibrosis |journal=Haematologica |volume=99 |issue=11 |pages=1697–700 |date=November 2014 |pmid=24997152 |pmc=4222480 |doi=10.3324/haematol.2014.109249 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27037840">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rotunno G, Pacilli A, Artusi V, Rumi E, Maffioli M, Delaini F, Brogi G, Fanelli T, Pancrazzi A, Pietra D, Bernardis I, Belotti C, Pieri L, Sant'Antonio E, Salmoiraghi S, Cilloni D, Rambaldi A, Passamonti F, Barbui T, Manfredini R, Cazzola M, Tagliafico E, Vannucchi AM, Guglielmelli P |title=Epidemiology and clinical relevance of mutations in postpolycythemia vera and postessential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis: A study on 359 patients of the AGIMM group |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=7 |pages=681–6 |date=July 2016 |pmid=27037840 |doi=10.1002/ajh.24377 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28419183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Song J, Hussaini M, Zhang H, Shao H, Qin D, Zhang X, Ma Z, Hussnain Naqvi SM, Zhang L, Moscinski LC |title=Comparison of the Mutational Profiles of Primary Myelofibrosis, Polycythemia Vera, and Essential Thrombocytosis |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=147 |issue=5 |pages=444–452 |date=May 2017 |pmid=28419183 |pmc=5402718 |doi=10.1093/ajcp/aqw222 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23619563">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vannucchi AM, Lasho TL, Guglielmelli P, Biamonte F, Pardanani A, Pereira A, Finke C, Score J, Gangat N, Mannarelli C, Ketterling RP, Rotunno G, Knudson RA, Susini MC, Laborde RR, Spolverini A, Pancrazzi A, Pieri L, Manfredini R, Tagliafico E, Zini R, Jones A, Zoi K, Reiter A, Duncombe A, Pietra D, Rumi E, Cervantes F, Barosi G, Cazzola M, Cross NC, Tefferi A |title=Mutations and prognosis in primary myelofibrosis |journal=Leukemia |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1861–9 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23619563 |doi=10.1038/leu.2013.119 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26182311">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A, Pardanani A |title=Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: A Contemporary Review |journal=JAMA Oncol |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=97–105 |date=April 2015 |pmid=26182311 |doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.89 |url=}}</ref>
:*[[Calreticulin|Calreticulin (CALR) gene]]<ref name="pmid27870387">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A |title=Primary myelofibrosis: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=1262–1271 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27870387 |doi=10.1002/ajh.24592 |url=}}</ref><ref name="TefferiLasho2014">{{cite journal|last1=Tefferi|first1=A|last2=Lasho|first2=T L|last3=Finke|first3=C M|last4=Knudson|first4=R A|last5=Ketterling|first5=R|last6=Hanson|first6=C H|last7=Maffioli|first7=M|last8=Caramazza|first8=D|last9=Passamonti|first9=F|last10=Pardanani|first10=A|title=CALR vs JAK2 vs MPL-mutated or triple-negative myelofibrosis: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular comparisons|journal=Leukemia|volume=28|issue=7|year=2014|pages=1472–1477|issn=0887-6924|doi=10.1038/leu.2014.3}}</ref><ref name="pmid15781101">{{cite journal |author=Baxter EJ, Scott LM, Campbell PJ, ''et al'' |title=Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9464 |pages=1054–61 |year=2005 |pmid=15781101 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71142-9 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(05)71142-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid16834459">{{cite journal |author=Pikman Y, Lee BH, Mercher T, ''et al'' |title=MPLW515L is a novel somatic activating mutation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=e270 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16834459 |pmc=1502153 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270 |url=http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270}}</ref><ref name="pmid27756071">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alshemmari SH, Rajan R, Emadi A |title=Molecular Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance of Driver Mutations in Primary Myelofibrosis: A Review |journal=Med Princ Pract |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=501–509 |date=2016 |pmid=27756071 |pmc=5588514 |doi=10.1159/000450956 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27913528">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shammo JM, Stein BL |title=Mutations in MPNs: prognostic implications, window to biology, and impact on treatment decisions |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume=2016 |issue=1 |pages=552–560 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27913528 |pmc=6142495 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.552 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24997152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li B, Xu J, Wang J, Gale RP, Xu Z, Cui Y, Yang L, Xing R, Ai X, Qin T, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Xiao Z |title=Calreticulin mutations in Chinese with primary myelofibrosis |journal=Haematologica |volume=99 |issue=11 |pages=1697–700 |date=November 2014 |pmid=24997152 |pmc=4222480 |doi=10.3324/haematol.2014.109249 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27037840">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rotunno G, Pacilli A, Artusi V, Rumi E, Maffioli M, Delaini F, Brogi G, Fanelli T, Pancrazzi A, Pietra D, Bernardis I, Belotti C, Pieri L, Sant'Antonio E, Salmoiraghi S, Cilloni D, Rambaldi A, Passamonti F, Barbui T, Manfredini R, Cazzola M, Tagliafico E, Vannucchi AM, Guglielmelli P |title=Epidemiology and clinical relevance of mutations in postpolycythemia vera and postessential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis: A study on 359 patients of the AGIMM group |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=7 |pages=681–6 |date=July 2016 |pmid=27037840 |doi=10.1002/ajh.24377 |url=}}</ref>
:*[[Janus kinase 2|Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)]] [[gene]]<ref name="pmid28419183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Song J, Hussaini M, Zhang H, Shao H, Qin D, Zhang X, Ma Z, Hussnain Naqvi SM, Zhang L, Moscinski LC |title=Comparison of the Mutational Profiles of Primary Myelofibrosis, Polycythemia Vera, and Essential Thrombocytosis |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=147 |issue=5 |pages=444–452 |date=May 2017 |pmid=28419183 |pmc=5402718 |doi=10.1093/ajcp/aqw222 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23619563">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vannucchi AM, Lasho TL, Guglielmelli P, Biamonte F, Pardanani A, Pereira A, Finke C, Score J, Gangat N, Mannarelli C, Ketterling RP, Rotunno G, Knudson RA, Susini MC, Laborde RR, Spolverini A, Pancrazzi A, Pieri L, Manfredini R, Tagliafico E, Zini R, Jones A, Zoi K, Reiter A, Duncombe A, Pietra D, Rumi E, Cervantes F, Barosi G, Cazzola M, Cross NC, Tefferi A |title=Mutations and prognosis in primary myelofibrosis |journal=Leukemia |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1861–9 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23619563 |doi=10.1038/leu.2013.119 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26182311">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A, Pardanani A |title=Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: A Contemporary Review |journal=JAMA Oncol |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=97–105 |date=April 2015 |pmid=26182311 |doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.89 |url=}}</ref>
*Malignancies<ref name="pmid23787440">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boiocchi L, Mathew S, Gianelli U, Iurlo A, Radice T, Barouk-Fox S, Knowles DM, Orazi A |title=Morphologic and cytogenetic differences between post-polycythemic myelofibrosis and primary myelofibrosis in fibrotic stage |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=1577–85 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23787440 |doi=10.1038/modpathol.2013.109 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28781273">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sakatoku K, Takeoka Y, Araki T, Miura A, Fujitani Y, Yamamura R, Miyagi Y, Senzaki H, Ohta K |title=Lymphocyte-depleted classical Hodgkin lymphoma accompanied by myelofibrosis |language=Japanese |journal=Rinsho Ketsueki |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=772–775 |date=2017 |pmid=28781273 |doi=10.11406/rinketsu.58.772 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26622707">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fu R, Yu H, Wu YH, Liu H, Shao ZH |title=Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with myelofibrosis: A case report |journal=Oncol Lett |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=1551–1554 |date=September 2015 |pmid=26622707 |pmc=4533276 |doi=10.3892/ol.2015.3438 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26117015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu YL, Wang WJ, Wang XN |title=[Pathological Characteristics of Bone Marrow in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Patients with Secondary Myelofibrosis and Their Relationship with Prognosis] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=674–8 |date=June 2015 |pmid=26117015 |doi=10.7534/j.issn.1009-2137.2015.03.014 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28239786">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dolgikh TY, Domnikova NP, Tornuev YV, Vinogradova EV, Krinitsyna YM |title=Incidence of Myelofibrosis in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, and Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia during Various Phases of Diseases |journal=Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=483–487 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28239786 |doi=10.1007/s10517-017-3645-x |url=}}</ref>
*Hematologic disorders<ref name="pmid28239786">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dolgikh TY, Domnikova NP, Tornuev YV, Vinogradova EV, Krinitsyna YM |title=Incidence of Myelofibrosis in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, and Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia during Various Phases of Diseases |journal=Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=483–487 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28239786 |doi=10.1007/s10517-017-3645-x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28823272">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhao J, Ma L, Guan JH |title=[Pathological Characteristics of Bone Marrow in Multiple Myeloma Patients with Secondary Myelofibrosis and Their Relationship with Prognosis] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1080–1085 |date=August 2017 |pmid=28823272 |doi=10.7534/j.issn.1009-2137.2017.04.021 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28561069">{{cite journal |vauthors=Passamonti F, Giorgino T, Mora B, Guglielmelli P, Rumi E, Maffioli M, Rambaldi A, Caramella M, Komrokji R, Gotlib J, Kiladjian JJ, Cervantes F, Devos T, Palandri F, De Stefano V, Ruggeri M, Silver RT, Benevolo G, Albano F, Caramazza D, Merli M, Pietra D, Casalone R, Rotunno G, Barbui T, Cazzola M, Vannucchi AM |title=A clinical-molecular prognostic model to predict survival in patients with post polycythemia vera and post essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis |journal=Leukemia |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=2726–2731 |date=December 2017 |pmid=28561069 |doi=10.1038/leu.2017.169 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28601551">{{cite journal |vauthors=Masarova L, Bose P, Daver N, Pemmaraju N, Newberry KJ, Manshouri T, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM, Verstovsek S |title=Patients with post-essential thrombocythemia and post-polycythemia vera differ from patients with primary myelofibrosis |journal=Leuk. Res. |volume=59 |issue= |pages=110–116 |date=August 2017 |pmid=28601551 |pmc=5573611 |doi=10.1016/j.leukres.2017.06.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14302719">{{cite journal |vauthors=MARKAND ON |title=SECONDARY MARBLE BONE DISEASE: GENERALISED OSTEOSCLEROSIS AND MYELOFIBROSIS IN CARCINOMA OF PROSTATE WITH A CASE REPORT |journal=J Assoc Physicians India |volume=13 |issue= |pages=349–55 |date=May 1965 |pmid=14302719 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12897334">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chang JC, Naqvi T |title=Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with bone marrow metastasis and secondary myelofibrosis in cancer |journal=Oncologist |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=375–80 |date=2003 |pmid=12897334 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
===Less Common Causes===
*Infection<ref name="pmid25016180">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qing X, Sun N, Yeh J, Yue C, Cai J |title=Dengue fever and bone marrow myelofibrosis |journal=Exp. Mol. Pathol. |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=208–10 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25016180 |doi=10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.07.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21894472">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee AC, Fong CM |title=Autoimmune myelofibrosis as the first manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection in an infant |journal=Ann. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=809–810 |date=May 2012 |pmid=21894472 |doi=10.1007/s00277-011-1329-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9176580">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hashim MS, Kordofani AY, el Dabi MA |title=Tuberculosis and myelofibrosis in children: a report |journal=Ann Trop Paediatr |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=61–5 |date=March 1997 |pmid=9176580 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12032901">{{cite journal |vauthors=Viallard JF, Parrens M, Boiron JM, Texier J, Mercie P, Pellegrin JL |title=Reversible myelofibrosis induced by tuberculosis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=1641–3 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12032901 |doi=10.1086/340524 |url=}}</ref>
*Autoimmunity<ref name="pmid27102067">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jain N, Sinha R, Sengupta J, Chakrabartty J |title=A rare case of myelofibrosis secondary to juvenile idiopathic arthritis |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=173 |issue=6 |pages=819 |date=June 2016 |pmid=27102067 |doi=10.1111/bjh.14106 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28293461">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cansu DÜ, Teke HÜ, Korkmaz C |title=A rare cause of cytopenia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: Autoimmune myelofibrosis |journal=Eur J Rheumatol |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=76–78 |date=March 2017 |pmid=28293461 |pmc=5335895 |doi=10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24371783">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thorsteinsdottir S, Bjerrum OW, Hasselbalch HC |title=Myeloproliferative neoplasms in five multiple sclerosis patients |journal=Leuk Res Rep |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=61–3 |date=2013 |pmid=24371783 |pmc=3850374 |doi=10.1016/j.lrr.2013.06.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27830539">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abaza Y, Yin CC, Bueso-Ramos CE, Wang SA, Verstovsek S |title=Primary autoimmune myelofibrosis: a case report and review of the literature |journal=Int. J. Hematol. |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=536–539 |date=April 2017 |pmid=27830539 |doi=10.1007/s12185-016-2129-5 |url=}}</ref>
*Toxins exposure<ref name="pmid28715625">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bausà R, Navarro L, Cortès-Franch I |title=[Myelofibrosis in a benzene-exposed cleaning worker] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Arch Prev Riesgos Labor |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=167–169 |date=2017 |pmid=28715625 |doi=10.12961/aprl.2017.20.3.03 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3789571">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu H |title=Benzene-associated myelofibrosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=171–2 |date=January 1987 |pmid=3789571 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7703476">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tondel M, Persson B, Carstensen J |title=Myelofibrosis and benzene exposure |journal=Occup Med (Lond) |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=51–2 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7703476 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7695889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Visfeldt J, Andersson M |title=Pathoanatomical aspects of malignant haematological disorders among Danish patients exposed to thorium dioxide |journal=APMIS |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=29–36 |date=January 1995 |pmid=7695889 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid302634">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brandt L, Emanuelsson H, Mitelman F, Stenstam M, Söderström N |title=Pronounced deficiency in T-cells and lymphocyte chromosomal aberrations in a patient with sarcoidosis, myelofibrosis and acute leukaemia following thorotrast angiography |journal=Acta Med Scand |volume=201 |issue=5 |pages=487–9 |date=1977 |pmid=302634 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7393792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arnold AG, Oelbaum MH |title=Thorotrast administration followed by myelofibrosis |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=56 |issue=652 |pages=124–7 |date=February 1980 |pmid=7393792 |pmc=2425512 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid748384">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jennings RC, Priestley SE |title=Haemangioendothelioma (Kupffer cell angiosarcoma), myelofibrosis, splenic atrophy, and myeloma paraproteinaemia after parenteral thorotrast administration |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=1125–32 |date=December 1978 |pmid=748384 |pmc=1145517 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3742462">{{cite journal |vauthors=McKenney SA, Fehir KM |title=Myelofibrosis following treatment with a nitrosourea for malignant glioma |journal=Cancer |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=1426–7 |date=October 1986 |pmid=3742462 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Primary hyperparathyroidism<ref name="pmid17988303">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim DJ, Oh EJ, Park CW, Kwon HS, Hong EJ, Yoon KH, Kang MI, Cha BY, Lee KW, Son HY, Kang SK |title=Pancytopenia and secondary myelofibrosis could be induced by primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=Int J Lab Hematol |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=464–8 |date=December 2007 |pmid=17988303 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00877.x |url=}}</ref>
===Genetic Causes===
'''Common'''
 
Myelofibrosis is commonly caused by mutations in the following genes:
*[[Myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene|Myeloproliferative leukemia virus (MPL) oncogene]]<ref name="pmid27870387">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A |title=Primary myelofibrosis: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=1262–1271 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27870387 |doi=10.1002/ajh.24592 |url=}}</ref><ref name="TefferiLasho2014">{{cite journal|last1=Tefferi|first1=A|last2=Lasho|first2=T L|last3=Finke|first3=C M|last4=Knudson|first4=R A|last5=Ketterling|first5=R|last6=Hanson|first6=C H|last7=Maffioli|first7=M|last8=Caramazza|first8=D|last9=Passamonti|first9=F|last10=Pardanani|first10=A|title=CALR vs JAK2 vs MPL-mutated or triple-negative myelofibrosis: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular comparisons|journal=Leukemia|volume=28|issue=7|year=2014|pages=1472–1477|issn=0887-6924|doi=10.1038/leu.2014.3}}</ref><ref name="pmid15781101">{{cite journal |author=Baxter EJ, Scott LM, Campbell PJ, ''et al'' |title=Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9464 |pages=1054–61 |year=2005 |pmid=15781101 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71142-9 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(05)71142-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid16834459">{{cite journal |author=Pikman Y, Lee BH, Mercher T, ''et al'' |title=MPLW515L is a novel somatic activating mutation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=e270 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16834459 |pmc=1502153 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270 |url=http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270}}</ref><ref name="pmid27756071">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alshemmari SH, Rajan R, Emadi A |title=Molecular Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance of Driver Mutations in Primary Myelofibrosis: A Review |journal=Med Princ Pract |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=501–509 |date=2016 |pmid=27756071 |pmc=5588514 |doi=10.1159/000450956 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27913528">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shammo JM, Stein BL |title=Mutations in MPNs: prognostic implications, window to biology, and impact on treatment decisions |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume=2016 |issue=1 |pages=552–560 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27913528 |pmc=6142495 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.552 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24997152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li B, Xu J, Wang J, Gale RP, Xu Z, Cui Y, Yang L, Xing R, Ai X, Qin T, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Xiao Z |title=Calreticulin mutations in Chinese with primary myelofibrosis |journal=Haematologica |volume=99 |issue=11 |pages=1697–700 |date=November 2014 |pmid=24997152 |pmc=4222480 |doi=10.3324/haematol.2014.109249 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27037840">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rotunno G, Pacilli A, Artusi V, Rumi E, Maffioli M, Delaini F, Brogi G, Fanelli T, Pancrazzi A, Pietra D, Bernardis I, Belotti C, Pieri L, Sant'Antonio E, Salmoiraghi S, Cilloni D, Rambaldi A, Passamonti F, Barbui T, Manfredini R, Cazzola M, Tagliafico E, Vannucchi AM, Guglielmelli P |title=Epidemiology and clinical relevance of mutations in postpolycythemia vera and postessential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis: A study on 359 patients of the AGIMM group |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=7 |pages=681–6 |date=July 2016 |pmid=27037840 |doi=10.1002/ajh.24377 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28419183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Song J, Hussaini M, Zhang H, Shao H, Qin D, Zhang X, Ma Z, Hussnain Naqvi SM, Zhang L, Moscinski LC |title=Comparison of the Mutational Profiles of Primary Myelofibrosis, Polycythemia Vera, and Essential Thrombocytosis |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=147 |issue=5 |pages=444–452 |date=May 2017 |pmid=28419183 |pmc=5402718 |doi=10.1093/ajcp/aqw222 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23619563">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vannucchi AM, Lasho TL, Guglielmelli P, Biamonte F, Pardanani A, Pereira A, Finke C, Score J, Gangat N, Mannarelli C, Ketterling RP, Rotunno G, Knudson RA, Susini MC, Laborde RR, Spolverini A, Pancrazzi A, Pieri L, Manfredini R, Tagliafico E, Zini R, Jones A, Zoi K, Reiter A, Duncombe A, Pietra D, Rumi E, Cervantes F, Barosi G, Cazzola M, Cross NC, Tefferi A |title=Mutations and prognosis in primary myelofibrosis |journal=Leukemia |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1861–9 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23619563 |doi=10.1038/leu.2013.119 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26182311">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A, Pardanani A |title=Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: A Contemporary Review |journal=JAMA Oncol |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=97–105 |date=April 2015 |pmid=26182311 |doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.89 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Calreticulin|Calreticulin (CALR) gene]]<ref name="pmid27870387">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A |title=Primary myelofibrosis: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=1262–1271 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27870387 |doi=10.1002/ajh.24592 |url=}}</ref><ref name="TefferiLasho2014">{{cite journal|last1=Tefferi|first1=A|last2=Lasho|first2=T L|last3=Finke|first3=C M|last4=Knudson|first4=R A|last5=Ketterling|first5=R|last6=Hanson|first6=C H|last7=Maffioli|first7=M|last8=Caramazza|first8=D|last9=Passamonti|first9=F|last10=Pardanani|first10=A|title=CALR vs JAK2 vs MPL-mutated or triple-negative myelofibrosis: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular comparisons|journal=Leukemia|volume=28|issue=7|year=2014|pages=1472–1477|issn=0887-6924|doi=10.1038/leu.2014.3}}</ref><ref name="pmid15781101">{{cite journal |author=Baxter EJ, Scott LM, Campbell PJ, ''et al'' |title=Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9464 |pages=1054–61 |year=2005 |pmid=15781101 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71142-9 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(05)71142-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid16834459">{{cite journal |author=Pikman Y, Lee BH, Mercher T, ''et al'' |title=MPLW515L is a novel somatic activating mutation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=e270 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16834459 |pmc=1502153 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270 |url=http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270}}</ref><ref name="pmid27756071">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alshemmari SH, Rajan R, Emadi A |title=Molecular Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance of Driver Mutations in Primary Myelofibrosis: A Review |journal=Med Princ Pract |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=501–509 |date=2016 |pmid=27756071 |pmc=5588514 |doi=10.1159/000450956 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27913528">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shammo JM, Stein BL |title=Mutations in MPNs: prognostic implications, window to biology, and impact on treatment decisions |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume=2016 |issue=1 |pages=552–560 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27913528 |pmc=6142495 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.552 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24997152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li B, Xu J, Wang J, Gale RP, Xu Z, Cui Y, Yang L, Xing R, Ai X, Qin T, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Xiao Z |title=Calreticulin mutations in Chinese with primary myelofibrosis |journal=Haematologica |volume=99 |issue=11 |pages=1697–700 |date=November 2014 |pmid=24997152 |pmc=4222480 |doi=10.3324/haematol.2014.109249 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27037840">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rotunno G, Pacilli A, Artusi V, Rumi E, Maffioli M, Delaini F, Brogi G, Fanelli T, Pancrazzi A, Pietra D, Bernardis I, Belotti C, Pieri L, Sant'Antonio E, Salmoiraghi S, Cilloni D, Rambaldi A, Passamonti F, Barbui T, Manfredini R, Cazzola M, Tagliafico E, Vannucchi AM, Guglielmelli P |title=Epidemiology and clinical relevance of mutations in postpolycythemia vera and postessential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis: A study on 359 patients of the AGIMM group |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=7 |pages=681–6 |date=July 2016 |pmid=27037840 |doi=10.1002/ajh.24377 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Janus kinase 2|Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)]] [[gene]]<ref name="pmid28419183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Song J, Hussaini M, Zhang H, Shao H, Qin D, Zhang X, Ma Z, Hussnain Naqvi SM, Zhang L, Moscinski LC |title=Comparison of the Mutational Profiles of Primary Myelofibrosis, Polycythemia Vera, and Essential Thrombocytosis |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=147 |issue=5 |pages=444–452 |date=May 2017 |pmid=28419183 |pmc=5402718 |doi=10.1093/ajcp/aqw222 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23619563">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vannucchi AM, Lasho TL, Guglielmelli P, Biamonte F, Pardanani A, Pereira A, Finke C, Score J, Gangat N, Mannarelli C, Ketterling RP, Rotunno G, Knudson RA, Susini MC, Laborde RR, Spolverini A, Pancrazzi A, Pieri L, Manfredini R, Tagliafico E, Zini R, Jones A, Zoi K, Reiter A, Duncombe A, Pietra D, Rumi E, Cervantes F, Barosi G, Cazzola M, Cross NC, Tefferi A |title=Mutations and prognosis in primary myelofibrosis |journal=Leukemia |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1861–9 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23619563 |doi=10.1038/leu.2013.119 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26182311">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tefferi A, Pardanani A |title=Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: A Contemporary Review |journal=JAMA Oncol |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=97–105 |date=April 2015 |pmid=26182311 |doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.89 |url=}}</ref>
'''Less Common'''
 
Myelofibrosis is less-commonly caused by mutations in the following genes:
*[[ASXL1|Additional sex combs-like 1 (ASXL1)]]<ref name="pmid26124496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Patel KP, Newberry KJ, Luthra R, Jabbour E, Pierce S, Cortes J, Singh R, Mehrotra M, Routbort MJ, Luthra M, Manshouri T, Santos FP, Kantarjian H, Verstovsek S |title=Correlation of mutation profile and response in patients with myelofibrosis treated with ruxolitinib |journal=Blood |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=790–7 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26124496 |pmc=4528066 |doi=10.1182/blood-2015-03-633404 |url=}}</ref>
*Slicing factor, serine/arginine-rich 2 (SRSF2)<ref name="pmid26124496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Patel KP, Newberry KJ, Luthra R, Jabbour E, Pierce S, Cortes J, Singh R, Mehrotra M, Routbort MJ, Luthra M, Manshouri T, Santos FP, Kantarjian H, Verstovsek S |title=Correlation of mutation profile and response in patients with myelofibrosis treated with ruxolitinib |journal=Blood |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=790–7 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26124496 |pmc=4528066 |doi=10.1182/blood-2015-03-633404 |url=}}</ref>
*[[EZH2|Enhancer of zeste, drosophila, homolog 2 (EZH2)]]<ref name="pmid26124496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Patel KP, Newberry KJ, Luthra R, Jabbour E, Pierce S, Cortes J, Singh R, Mehrotra M, Routbort MJ, Luthra M, Manshouri T, Santos FP, Kantarjian H, Verstovsek S |title=Correlation of mutation profile and response in patients with myelofibrosis treated with ruxolitinib |journal=Blood |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=790–7 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26124496 |pmc=4528066 |doi=10.1182/blood-2015-03-633404 |url=}}</ref>
*[[NRAS|Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS)]]<ref name="pmid26124496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Patel KP, Newberry KJ, Luthra R, Jabbour E, Pierce S, Cortes J, Singh R, Mehrotra M, Routbort MJ, Luthra M, Manshouri T, Santos FP, Kantarjian H, Verstovsek S |title=Correlation of mutation profile and response in patients with myelofibrosis treated with ruxolitinib |journal=Blood |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=790–7 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26124496 |pmc=4528066 |doi=10.1182/blood-2015-03-633404 |url=}}</ref>
*[[KRAS|Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)]]<ref name="pmid26124496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Patel KP, Newberry KJ, Luthra R, Jabbour E, Pierce S, Cortes J, Singh R, Mehrotra M, Routbort MJ, Luthra M, Manshouri T, Santos FP, Kantarjian H, Verstovsek S |title=Correlation of mutation profile and response in patients with myelofibrosis treated with ruxolitinib |journal=Blood |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=790–7 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26124496 |pmc=4528066 |doi=10.1182/blood-2015-03-633404 |url=}}</ref>
*[[PTPN11|Protein-tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11)]]<ref name="pmid26124496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Patel KP, Newberry KJ, Luthra R, Jabbour E, Pierce S, Cortes J, Singh R, Mehrotra M, Routbort MJ, Luthra M, Manshouri T, Santos FP, Kantarjian H, Verstovsek S |title=Correlation of mutation profile and response in patients with myelofibrosis treated with ruxolitinib |journal=Blood |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=790–7 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26124496 |pmc=4528066 |doi=10.1182/blood-2015-03-633404 |url=}}</ref>
*[[GATA2|GATA-binding protein 2 (GATA2)]]<ref name="pmid26124496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Patel KP, Newberry KJ, Luthra R, Jabbour E, Pierce S, Cortes J, Singh R, Mehrotra M, Routbort MJ, Luthra M, Manshouri T, Santos FP, Kantarjian H, Verstovsek S |title=Correlation of mutation profile and response in patients with myelofibrosis treated with ruxolitinib |journal=Blood |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=790–7 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26124496 |pmc=4528066 |doi=10.1182/blood-2015-03-633404 |url=}}</ref>
*[[TP53|Tumor protein p53 (TP53)]]<ref name="pmid26124496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Patel KP, Newberry KJ, Luthra R, Jabbour E, Pierce S, Cortes J, Singh R, Mehrotra M, Routbort MJ, Luthra M, Manshouri T, Santos FP, Kantarjian H, Verstovsek S |title=Correlation of mutation profile and response in patients with myelofibrosis treated with ruxolitinib |journal=Blood |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=790–7 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26124496 |pmc=4528066 |doi=10.1182/blood-2015-03-633404 |url=}}</ref>
*[[RUNX1|Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1)]]<ref name="pmid26124496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Patel KP, Newberry KJ, Luthra R, Jabbour E, Pierce S, Cortes J, Singh R, Mehrotra M, Routbort MJ, Luthra M, Manshouri T, Santos FP, Kantarjian H, Verstovsek S |title=Correlation of mutation profile and response in patients with myelofibrosis treated with ruxolitinib |journal=Blood |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=790–7 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26124496 |pmc=4528066 |doi=10.1182/blood-2015-03-633404 |url=}}</ref>
===Causes by Organ System===
 
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[benzene]], [[thorium dioxide]], nitrosurea<ref name="pmid28715625">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bausà R, Navarro L, Cortès-Franch I |title=[Myelofibrosis in a benzene-exposed cleaning worker] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Arch Prev Riesgos Labor |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=167–169 |date=2017 |pmid=28715625 |doi=10.12961/aprl.2017.20.3.03 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3789571">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu H |title=Benzene-associated myelofibrosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=171–2 |date=January 1987 |pmid=3789571 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7703476">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tondel M, Persson B, Carstensen J |title=Myelofibrosis and benzene exposure |journal=Occup Med (Lond) |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=51–2 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7703476 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7695889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Visfeldt J, Andersson M |title=Pathoanatomical aspects of malignant haematological disorders among Danish patients exposed to thorium dioxide |journal=APMIS |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=29–36 |date=January 1995 |pmid=7695889 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid302634">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brandt L, Emanuelsson H, Mitelman F, Stenstam M, Söderström N |title=Pronounced deficiency in T-cells and lymphocyte chromosomal aberrations in a patient with sarcoidosis, myelofibrosis and acute leukaemia following thorotrast angiography |journal=Acta Med Scand |volume=201 |issue=5 |pages=487–9 |date=1977 |pmid=302634 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7393792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arnold AG, Oelbaum MH |title=Thorotrast administration followed by myelofibrosis |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=56 |issue=652 |pages=124–7 |date=February 1980 |pmid=7393792 |pmc=2425512 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid748384">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jennings RC, Priestley SE |title=Haemangioendothelioma (Kupffer cell angiosarcoma), myelofibrosis, splenic atrophy, and myeloma paraproteinaemia after parenteral thorotrast administration |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=1125–32 |date=December 1978 |pmid=748384 |pmc=1145517 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3742462">{{cite journal |vauthors=McKenney SA, Fehir KM |title=Myelofibrosis following treatment with a nitrosourea for malignant glioma |journal=Cancer |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=1426–7 |date=October 1986 |pmid=3742462 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperparathyroidism|Primary hyperparathyroidism]]<ref name="pmid17988303">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim DJ, Oh EJ, Park CW, Kwon HS, Hong EJ, Yoon KH, Kang MI, Cha BY, Lee KW, Son HY, Kang SK |title=Pancytopenia and secondary myelofibrosis could be induced by primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=Int J Lab Hematol |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=464–8 |date=December 2007 |pmid=17988303 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00877.x |url=}}</ref>
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[benzene]], nitrosurea<ref name="pmid28715625">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bausà R, Navarro L, Cortès-Franch I |title=[Myelofibrosis in a benzene-exposed cleaning worker] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Arch Prev Riesgos Labor |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=167–169 |date=2017 |pmid=28715625 |doi=10.12961/aprl.2017.20.3.03 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3789571">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu H |title=Benzene-associated myelofibrosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=171–2 |date=January 1987 |pmid=3789571 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7703476">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tondel M, Persson B, Carstensen J |title=Myelofibrosis and benzene exposure |journal=Occup Med (Lond) |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=51–2 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7703476 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7695889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Visfeldt J, Andersson M |title=Pathoanatomical aspects of malignant haematological disorders among Danish patients exposed to thorium dioxide |journal=APMIS |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=29–36 |date=January 1995 |pmid=7695889 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid302634">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brandt L, Emanuelsson H, Mitelman F, Stenstam M, Söderström N |title=Pronounced deficiency in T-cells and lymphocyte chromosomal aberrations in a patient with sarcoidosis, myelofibrosis and acute leukaemia following thorotrast angiography |journal=Acta Med Scand |volume=201 |issue=5 |pages=487–9 |date=1977 |pmid=302634 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Mutations in multiple genes discussed above
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Essential thrombocythemia|Essential thrombocythemia (ET)]], [[Polycythemia vera|Polycythemia vera (PV)]], and [[Multiple myeloma|Multiple myeloma (MM)]]<ref name="pmid28239786">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dolgikh TY, Domnikova NP, Tornuev YV, Vinogradova EV, Krinitsyna YM |title=Incidence of Myelofibrosis in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, and Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia during Various Phases of Diseases |journal=Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=483–487 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28239786 |doi=10.1007/s10517-017-3645-x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28823272">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhao J, Ma L, Guan JH |title=[Pathological Characteristics of Bone Marrow in Multiple Myeloma Patients with Secondary Myelofibrosis and Their Relationship with Prognosis] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1080–1085 |date=August 2017 |pmid=28823272 |doi=10.7534/j.issn.1009-2137.2017.04.021 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28561069">{{cite journal |vauthors=Passamonti F, Giorgino T, Mora B, Guglielmelli P, Rumi E, Maffioli M, Rambaldi A, Caramella M, Komrokji R, Gotlib J, Kiladjian JJ, Cervantes F, Devos T, Palandri F, De Stefano V, Ruggeri M, Silver RT, Benevolo G, Albano F, Caramazza D, Merli M, Pietra D, Casalone R, Rotunno G, Barbui T, Cazzola M, Vannucchi AM |title=A clinical-molecular prognostic model to predict survival in patients with post polycythemia vera and post essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis |journal=Leukemia |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=2726–2731 |date=December 2017 |pmid=28561069 |doi=10.1038/leu.2017.169 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28601551">{{cite journal |vauthors=Masarova L, Bose P, Daver N, Pemmaraju N, Newberry KJ, Manshouri T, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM, Verstovsek S |title=Patients with post-essential thrombocythemia and post-polycythemia vera differ from patients with primary myelofibrosis |journal=Leuk. Res. |volume=59 |issue= |pages=110–116 |date=August 2017 |pmid=28601551 |pmc=5573611 |doi=10.1016/j.leukres.2017.06.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14302719">{{cite journal |vauthors=MARKAND ON |title=SECONDARY MARBLE BONE DISEASE: GENERALISED OSTEOSCLEROSIS AND MYELOFIBROSIS IN CARCINOMA OF PROSTATE WITH A CASE REPORT |journal=J Assoc Physicians India |volume=13 |issue= |pages=349–55 |date=May 1965 |pmid=14302719 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12897334">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chang JC, Naqvi T |title=Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with bone marrow metastasis and secondary myelofibrosis in cancer |journal=Oncologist |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=375–80 |date=2003 |pmid=12897334 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Tuberculosis|tuberculosis (TB)]], [[HIV AIDS|HIV infection]], and [[dengue fever]]<ref name="pmid25016180">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qing X, Sun N, Yeh J, Yue C, Cai J |title=Dengue fever and bone marrow myelofibrosis |journal=Exp. Mol. Pathol. |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=208–10 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25016180 |doi=10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.07.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21894472">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee AC, Fong CM |title=Autoimmune myelofibrosis as the first manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection in an infant |journal=Ann. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=809–810 |date=May 2012 |pmid=21894472 |doi=10.1007/s00277-011-1329-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9176580">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hashim MS, Kordofani AY, el Dabi MA |title=Tuberculosis and myelofibrosis in children: a report |journal=Ann Trop Paediatr |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=61–5 |date=March 1997 |pmid=9176580 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12032901">{{cite journal |vauthors=Viallard JF, Parrens M, Boiron JM, Texier J, Mercie P, Pellegrin JL |title=Reversible myelofibrosis induced by tuberculosis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=1641–3 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12032901 |doi=10.1086/340524 |url=}}</ref>
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]], and [[Bone metastases]]<ref name="pmid23787440">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boiocchi L, Mathew S, Gianelli U, Iurlo A, Radice T, Barouk-Fox S, Knowles DM, Orazi A |title=Morphologic and cytogenetic differences between post-polycythemic myelofibrosis and primary myelofibrosis in fibrotic stage |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=1577–85 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23787440 |doi=10.1038/modpathol.2013.109 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28781273">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sakatoku K, Takeoka Y, Araki T, Miura A, Fujitani Y, Yamamura R, Miyagi Y, Senzaki H, Ohta K |title=Lymphocyte-depleted classical Hodgkin lymphoma accompanied by myelofibrosis |language=Japanese |journal=Rinsho Ketsueki |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=772–775 |date=2017 |pmid=28781273 |doi=10.11406/rinketsu.58.772 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26622707">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fu R, Yu H, Wu YH, Liu H, Shao ZH |title=Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with myelofibrosis: A case report |journal=Oncol Lett |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=1551–1554 |date=September 2015 |pmid=26622707 |pmc=4533276 |doi=10.3892/ol.2015.3438 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26117015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu YL, Wang WJ, Wang XN |title=[Pathological Characteristics of Bone Marrow in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Patients with Secondary Myelofibrosis and Their Relationship with Prognosis] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=674–8 |date=June 2015 |pmid=26117015 |doi=10.7534/j.issn.1009-2137.2015.03.014 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5458299">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hiwada K, Sera Y, Nishimura M |title=[Autopsy case of secondary myelofibrosis due to bone marrow metastasis of stomach cancer] |language=Japanese |journal=Iryo |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=585–90 |date=July 1970 |pmid=5458299 |doi= |url=}}</ref> 
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| x- or γ-[[radiation]] exposure
|-
|}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Hematology]]
[[Category:Hematology]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Radiology]]


{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 21:31, 30 January 2019

Myelofibrosis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Myelofibrosis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Myelofibrosis causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Myelofibrosis causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo and Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Myelofibrosis causes

CDC on Myelofibrosis causes

Myelofibrosis causes in the news

Blogs on Myelofibrosis causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Myelofibrosis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Myelofibrosis causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2]

Overview

Myelofibrosis is most commonly caused by somatic mutations in the myeloproliferative leukemia virus (MPL) oncogene, the calreticulin (CALR) gene, or Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene. Less common mutations in other genes have also been documented. It can also be the result of other primary disorders manifesting as a complication or part of the disease process. Infections, malignancies, hematologic disorders, autoimmune diseases and exposure to certain toxins can also cause myelofibrosis.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

There are no life-threatening causes of myelofibrosis, however complications resulting from untreated myelofibrosis is common.

Common Causes

Common causes of myelofibrosis include:

  • Genetic mutations in:

Less Common Causes

Genetic Causes

Common

Myelofibrosis is commonly caused by mutations in the following genes:

Less Common

Myelofibrosis is less-commonly caused by mutations in the following genes:

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning benzene, thorium dioxide, nitrosurea[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Primary hyperparathyroidism[38]
Environmental benzene, nitrosurea[30][31][32][33][34]
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Mutations in multiple genes discussed above
Hematologic Essential thrombocythemia (ET), Polycythemia vera (PV), and Multiple myeloma (MM)[16][17][18][19][20][21]
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease tuberculosis (TB), HIV infection, and dengue fever[22][23][24][25]
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Hodgkin's lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and Bone metastases[12][13][14][15][40]
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous x- or γ-radiation exposure

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Tefferi A (December 2016). "Primary myelofibrosis: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 91 (12): 1262–1271. doi:10.1002/ajh.24592. PMID 27870387.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Tefferi, A; Lasho, T L; Finke, C M; Knudson, R A; Ketterling, R; Hanson, C H; Maffioli, M; Caramazza, D; Passamonti, F; Pardanani, A (2014). "CALR vs JAK2 vs MPL-mutated or triple-negative myelofibrosis: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular comparisons". Leukemia. 28 (7): 1472–1477. doi:10.1038/leu.2014.3. ISSN 0887-6924.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Baxter EJ, Scott LM, Campbell PJ; et al. (2005). "Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders". Lancet. 365 (9464): 1054–61. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71142-9. PMID 15781101.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Pikman Y, Lee BH, Mercher T; et al. (2006). "MPLW515L is a novel somatic activating mutation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia". PLoS Med. 3 (7): e270. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270. PMC 1502153. PMID 16834459. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Alshemmari SH, Rajan R, Emadi A (2016). "Molecular Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance of Driver Mutations in Primary Myelofibrosis: A Review". Med Princ Pract. 25 (6): 501–509. doi:10.1159/000450956. PMC 5588514. PMID 27756071.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Shammo JM, Stein BL (December 2016). "Mutations in MPNs: prognostic implications, window to biology, and impact on treatment decisions". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2016 (1): 552–560. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.552. PMC 6142495. PMID 27913528.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Li B, Xu J, Wang J, Gale RP, Xu Z, Cui Y, Yang L, Xing R, Ai X, Qin T, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Xiao Z (November 2014). "Calreticulin mutations in Chinese with primary myelofibrosis". Haematologica. 99 (11): 1697–700. doi:10.3324/haematol.2014.109249. PMC 4222480. PMID 24997152.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Rotunno G, Pacilli A, Artusi V, Rumi E, Maffioli M, Delaini F, Brogi G, Fanelli T, Pancrazzi A, Pietra D, Bernardis I, Belotti C, Pieri L, Sant'Antonio E, Salmoiraghi S, Cilloni D, Rambaldi A, Passamonti F, Barbui T, Manfredini R, Cazzola M, Tagliafico E, Vannucchi AM, Guglielmelli P (July 2016). "Epidemiology and clinical relevance of mutations in postpolycythemia vera and postessential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis: A study on 359 patients of the AGIMM group". Am. J. Hematol. 91 (7): 681–6. doi:10.1002/ajh.24377. PMID 27037840.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Song J, Hussaini M, Zhang H, Shao H, Qin D, Zhang X, Ma Z, Hussnain Naqvi SM, Zhang L, Moscinski LC (May 2017). "Comparison of the Mutational Profiles of Primary Myelofibrosis, Polycythemia Vera, and Essential Thrombocytosis". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 147 (5): 444–452. doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqw222. PMC 5402718. PMID 28419183.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Vannucchi AM, Lasho TL, Guglielmelli P, Biamonte F, Pardanani A, Pereira A, Finke C, Score J, Gangat N, Mannarelli C, Ketterling RP, Rotunno G, Knudson RA, Susini MC, Laborde RR, Spolverini A, Pancrazzi A, Pieri L, Manfredini R, Tagliafico E, Zini R, Jones A, Zoi K, Reiter A, Duncombe A, Pietra D, Rumi E, Cervantes F, Barosi G, Cazzola M, Cross NC, Tefferi A (September 2013). "Mutations and prognosis in primary myelofibrosis". Leukemia. 27 (9): 1861–9. doi:10.1038/leu.2013.119. PMID 23619563.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Tefferi A, Pardanani A (April 2015). "Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: A Contemporary Review". JAMA Oncol. 1 (1): 97–105. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.89. PMID 26182311.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Boiocchi L, Mathew S, Gianelli U, Iurlo A, Radice T, Barouk-Fox S, Knowles DM, Orazi A (December 2013). "Morphologic and cytogenetic differences between post-polycythemic myelofibrosis and primary myelofibrosis in fibrotic stage". Mod. Pathol. 26 (12): 1577–85. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2013.109. PMID 23787440.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Sakatoku K, Takeoka Y, Araki T, Miura A, Fujitani Y, Yamamura R, Miyagi Y, Senzaki H, Ohta K (2017). "Lymphocyte-depleted classical Hodgkin lymphoma accompanied by myelofibrosis". Rinsho Ketsueki (in Japanese). 58 (7): 772–775. doi:10.11406/rinketsu.58.772. PMID 28781273.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Fu R, Yu H, Wu YH, Liu H, Shao ZH (September 2015). "Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with myelofibrosis: A case report". Oncol Lett. 10 (3): 1551–1554. doi:10.3892/ol.2015.3438. PMC 4533276. PMID 26622707.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Liu YL, Wang WJ, Wang XN (June 2015). "[Pathological Characteristics of Bone Marrow in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Patients with Secondary Myelofibrosis and Their Relationship with Prognosis]". Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi (in Chinese). 23 (3): 674–8. doi:10.7534/j.issn.1009-2137.2015.03.014. PMID 26117015.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Dolgikh TY, Domnikova NP, Tornuev YV, Vinogradova EV, Krinitsyna YM (February 2017). "Incidence of Myelofibrosis in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, and Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia during Various Phases of Diseases". Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 162 (4): 483–487. doi:10.1007/s10517-017-3645-x. PMID 28239786.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Zhao J, Ma L, Guan JH (August 2017). "[Pathological Characteristics of Bone Marrow in Multiple Myeloma Patients with Secondary Myelofibrosis and Their Relationship with Prognosis]". Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi (in Chinese). 25 (4): 1080–1085. doi:10.7534/j.issn.1009-2137.2017.04.021. PMID 28823272.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Passamonti F, Giorgino T, Mora B, Guglielmelli P, Rumi E, Maffioli M, Rambaldi A, Caramella M, Komrokji R, Gotlib J, Kiladjian JJ, Cervantes F, Devos T, Palandri F, De Stefano V, Ruggeri M, Silver RT, Benevolo G, Albano F, Caramazza D, Merli M, Pietra D, Casalone R, Rotunno G, Barbui T, Cazzola M, Vannucchi AM (December 2017). "A clinical-molecular prognostic model to predict survival in patients with post polycythemia vera and post essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis". Leukemia. 31 (12): 2726–2731. doi:10.1038/leu.2017.169. PMID 28561069.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Masarova L, Bose P, Daver N, Pemmaraju N, Newberry KJ, Manshouri T, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM, Verstovsek S (August 2017). "Patients with post-essential thrombocythemia and post-polycythemia vera differ from patients with primary myelofibrosis". Leuk. Res. 59: 110–116. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2017.06.001. PMC 5573611. PMID 28601551.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 MARKAND ON (May 1965). "SECONDARY MARBLE BONE DISEASE: GENERALISED OSTEOSCLEROSIS AND MYELOFIBROSIS IN CARCINOMA OF PROSTATE WITH A CASE REPORT". J Assoc Physicians India. 13: 349–55. PMID 14302719.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Chang JC, Naqvi T (2003). "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with bone marrow metastasis and secondary myelofibrosis in cancer". Oncologist. 8 (4): 375–80. PMID 12897334.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Qing X, Sun N, Yeh J, Yue C, Cai J (October 2014). "Dengue fever and bone marrow myelofibrosis". Exp. Mol. Pathol. 97 (2): 208–10. doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.07.004. PMID 25016180.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lee AC, Fong CM (May 2012). "Autoimmune myelofibrosis as the first manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection in an infant". Ann. Hematol. 91 (5): 809–810. doi:10.1007/s00277-011-1329-6. PMID 21894472.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Hashim MS, Kordofani AY, el Dabi MA (March 1997). "Tuberculosis and myelofibrosis in children: a report". Ann Trop Paediatr. 17 (1): 61–5. PMID 9176580.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Viallard JF, Parrens M, Boiron JM, Texier J, Mercie P, Pellegrin JL (June 2002). "Reversible myelofibrosis induced by tuberculosis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 34 (12): 1641–3. doi:10.1086/340524. PMID 12032901.
  26. ↑ Jain N, Sinha R, Sengupta J, Chakrabartty J (June 2016). "A rare case of myelofibrosis secondary to juvenile idiopathic arthritis". Br. J. Haematol. 173 (6): 819. doi:10.1111/bjh.14106. PMID 27102067.
  27. ↑ Cansu DÜ, Teke HÜ, Korkmaz C (March 2017). "A rare cause of cytopenia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: Autoimmune myelofibrosis". Eur J Rheumatol. 4 (1): 76–78. doi:10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.011. PMC 5335895. PMID 28293461.
  28. ↑ Thorsteinsdottir S, Bjerrum OW, Hasselbalch HC (2013). "Myeloproliferative neoplasms in five multiple sclerosis patients". Leuk Res Rep. 2 (2): 61–3. doi:10.1016/j.lrr.2013.06.004. PMC 3850374. PMID 24371783.
  29. ↑ Abaza Y, Yin CC, Bueso-Ramos CE, Wang SA, Verstovsek S (April 2017). "Primary autoimmune myelofibrosis: a case report and review of the literature". Int. J. Hematol. 105 (4): 536–539. doi:10.1007/s12185-016-2129-5. PMID 27830539.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Bausà R, Navarro L, Cortès-Franch I (2017). "[Myelofibrosis in a benzene-exposed cleaning worker]". Arch Prev Riesgos Labor (in Spanish; Castilian). 20 (3): 167–169. doi:10.12961/aprl.2017.20.3.03. PMID 28715625.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Hu H (January 1987). "Benzene-associated myelofibrosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 106 (1): 171–2. PMID 3789571.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Tondel M, Persson B, Carstensen J (February 1995). "Myelofibrosis and benzene exposure". Occup Med (Lond). 45 (1): 51–2. PMID 7703476.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Visfeldt J, Andersson M (January 1995). "Pathoanatomical aspects of malignant haematological disorders among Danish patients exposed to thorium dioxide". APMIS. 103 (1): 29–36. PMID 7695889.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Brandt L, Emanuelsson H, Mitelman F, Stenstam M, Söderström N (1977). "Pronounced deficiency in T-cells and lymphocyte chromosomal aberrations in a patient with sarcoidosis, myelofibrosis and acute leukaemia following thorotrast angiography". Acta Med Scand. 201 (5): 487–9. PMID 302634.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Arnold AG, Oelbaum MH (February 1980). "Thorotrast administration followed by myelofibrosis". Postgrad Med J. 56 (652): 124–7. PMC 2425512. PMID 7393792.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Jennings RC, Priestley SE (December 1978). "Haemangioendothelioma (Kupffer cell angiosarcoma), myelofibrosis, splenic atrophy, and myeloma paraproteinaemia after parenteral thorotrast administration". J. Clin. Pathol. 31 (12): 1125–32. PMC 1145517. PMID 748384.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 McKenney SA, Fehir KM (October 1986). "Myelofibrosis following treatment with a nitrosourea for malignant glioma". Cancer. 58 (7): 1426–7. PMID 3742462.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Lim DJ, Oh EJ, Park CW, Kwon HS, Hong EJ, Yoon KH, Kang MI, Cha BY, Lee KW, Son HY, Kang SK (December 2007). "Pancytopenia and secondary myelofibrosis could be induced by primary hyperparathyroidism". Int J Lab Hematol. 29 (6): 464–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00877.x. PMID 17988303.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.7 39.8 Patel KP, Newberry KJ, Luthra R, Jabbour E, Pierce S, Cortes J, Singh R, Mehrotra M, Routbort MJ, Luthra M, Manshouri T, Santos FP, Kantarjian H, Verstovsek S (August 2015). "Correlation of mutation profile and response in patients with myelofibrosis treated with ruxolitinib". Blood. 126 (6): 790–7. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-03-633404. PMC 4528066. PMID 26124496.
  40. ↑ Hiwada K, Sera Y, Nishimura M (July 1970). "[Autopsy case of secondary myelofibrosis due to bone marrow metastasis of stomach cancer]". Iryo (in Japanese). 24 (7): 585–90. PMID 5458299.



Template:WikiDoc Sources

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Myelofibrosis_causes&oldid=1543745"