Listeriosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Risk factors in the development of listeriosis include ingestion of uncooked meats and vegetables, unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses, processed (or ready-to-eat) meats, and smoked seafood.<ref name=Sources>Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/sources.html]</ref> Populations at higher risk of developing listeriosis include [[immunosuppressed]] patients (e.g. [[transplant]] recipients, patients with history of [[splenectomy]], patients receiving [[immunosuppressive therapy]], or patients with advanced [[diabetes]], [[kidney disease|kidney]]/ [[liver disease]], or active [[malignancy]]), [[neonates]], [[pregnant]] women, and elderly patients.<ref name="Lorber-1997">{{Cite journal | last1 = Lorber | first1 = B. | title = Listeriosis. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-9; quiz 10-1 | month = Jan | year = 1997 | doi = | PMID = 8994747 }}</ref> | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
===Contaminated Food=== | ===Ingestion of Contaminated Food=== | ||
The following foods may be associated with higher risk of developing listeriosis:<ref name=Sources>Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/sources.html]</ref> | |||
* Uncooked meats and vegetables | * Uncooked meats and vegetables | ||
* Unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses as well as other foods made from unpasteurized milk | * Unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses as well as other foods made from unpasteurized milk | ||
Line 13: | Line 14: | ||
* Processed eady-to-eat meats, such as hot dogs and deli meats (contamination may occur after factory cooking but before packaging or even at the deli counter) | * Processed eady-to-eat meats, such as hot dogs and deli meats (contamination may occur after factory cooking but before packaging or even at the deli counter) | ||
* Smoked seafood | * Smoked seafood | ||
* Mexican-style cheeses (such as queso fresco)<ref name= | * Mexican-style cheeses (such as queso fresco) | ||
Shown below is a table summarizing low and high risk cheese types.<ref name="www.cdc.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = CDC - Prevention - Listeriosis | url = http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/prevention.html | publisher = | date = | accessdate = }}</ref> | |||
=== | {|class="wikitable" | ||
|'''Higher Risk Cheese Type''' || '''Lower Risk Cheese type''' | |||
|- | |||
|Soft cheeses made from unpasteurized (raw) milk, such as:<br> | |||
* Queso fresco | |||
* Blue-veined | |||
* Feta | |||
* Brie | |||
* Camembert | |||
| | |||
* Soft cheeses that are clearly labeled "made from pasteurized milk" | |||
* Processed cheeses | |||
* Cream cheese | |||
* Mozzarella | |||
* Hard cheeses | |||
|} | |||
===High Risk Populations=== | |||
The following are considered populations at high risk of developing [[listeria]] [[bacteremia]] and neurolisteriosis:<ref name="pmid28139432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Charlier C, Perrodeau É, Leclercq A, Cazenave B, Pilmis B, Henry B, Lopes A, Maury MM, Moura A, Goffinet F, Dieye HB, Thouvenot P, Ungeheuer MN, Tourdjman M, Goulet V, de Valk H, Lortholary O, Ravaud P, Lecuit M |title=Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: the MONALISA national prospective cohort study |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28139432 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30521-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22157172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goulet V, Hebert M, Hedberg C, Laurent E, Vaillant V, De Valk H, Desenclos JC |title=Incidence of listeriosis and related mortality among groups at risk of acquiring listeriosis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=652–60 |year=2012 |pmid=22157172 |doi=10.1093/cid/cir902 |url=}}</ref> | |||
====Pregnant Women==== | ====Pregnant Women==== | ||
*[[Pregnant]] women are approximately 10-24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi = | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref> | |||
*Approximately 25% to 30% of all ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]'' [[infections]] occur among [[pregnant]] women. | |||
==== | ====Hispanic Ethnicity==== | ||
More than half (58%) of [[Listeria]] [[infections]] occur among adults older than 65 years of age. Adults 65 years and older are | *Pregnant Hispanic women are approximately 24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi = | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref> | ||
*The association between Hispanic ethnicity and listeriosis is unconfirmed and may be confounded by [[pregnancy]]. | |||
====Neonates==== | |||
*[[Neonates]] are at high risk of developing listeriosis. | |||
*Transmission of ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]'' to [[neonates]] occurs either in-utero or during [[delivery]]. | |||
====Elderly Individuals==== | |||
*More than half (58%) of all ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]'' [[infections]] occur among adults older than 65 years of age. | |||
*Adults 65 years and older are approximately 4 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi = | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref> | |||
====Immnosuppression==== | ====Immnosuppression==== | ||
*[[Immunosuppressed]] individuals have a higher risk of developing listeriosis. | |||
*Immunosuppressed conditions include [[organ transplantation]], history of [[splenectomy]], active [[malignancy]], administration of either [[steroids]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation]], or [[monoclonal antibodies]], advanced [[Liver Disease|liver]] or [[kidney disease]], [[diabetes mellitus]], or [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category: | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | [[Category:Infectious disease]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Neurology]] | ||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] |
Latest revision as of 22:31, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [3]
Overview
Risk factors in the development of listeriosis include ingestion of uncooked meats and vegetables, unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses, processed (or ready-to-eat) meats, and smoked seafood.[1] Populations at higher risk of developing listeriosis include immunosuppressed patients (e.g. transplant recipients, patients with history of splenectomy, patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy, or patients with advanced diabetes, kidney/ liver disease, or active malignancy), neonates, pregnant women, and elderly patients.[2]
Risk Factors
Ingestion of Contaminated Food
The following foods may be associated with higher risk of developing listeriosis:[1]
- Uncooked meats and vegetables
- Unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses as well as other foods made from unpasteurized milk
- Cooked or processed foods, including certain soft cheeses
- Processed eady-to-eat meats, such as hot dogs and deli meats (contamination may occur after factory cooking but before packaging or even at the deli counter)
- Smoked seafood
- Mexican-style cheeses (such as queso fresco)
Shown below is a table summarizing low and high risk cheese types.[3]
Higher Risk Cheese Type | Lower Risk Cheese type |
Soft cheeses made from unpasteurized (raw) milk, such as:
|
|
High Risk Populations
The following are considered populations at high risk of developing listeria bacteremia and neurolisteriosis:[4][5]
Pregnant Women
- Pregnant women are approximately 10-24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.[6]
- Approximately 25% to 30% of all Listeria infections occur among pregnant women.
Hispanic Ethnicity
- Pregnant Hispanic women are approximately 24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.[6]
- The association between Hispanic ethnicity and listeriosis is unconfirmed and may be confounded by pregnancy.
Neonates
- Neonates are at high risk of developing listeriosis.
- Transmission of Listeria to neonates occurs either in-utero or during delivery.
Elderly Individuals
- More than half (58%) of all Listeria infections occur among adults older than 65 years of age.
- Adults 65 years and older are approximately 4 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.[6]
Immnosuppression
- Immunosuppressed individuals have a higher risk of developing listeriosis.
- Immunosuppressed conditions include organ transplantation, history of splenectomy, active malignancy, administration of either steroids, chemotherapy, radiation, or monoclonal antibodies, advanced liver or kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, or HIV/AIDS.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [1]
- ↑ Lorber, B. (1997). "Listeriosis". Clin Infect Dis. 24 (1): 1–9, quiz 10-1. PMID 8994747. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ "CDC - Prevention - Listeriosis".
- ↑ Charlier C, Perrodeau É, Leclercq A, Cazenave B, Pilmis B, Henry B, Lopes A, Maury MM, Moura A, Goffinet F, Dieye HB, Thouvenot P, Ungeheuer MN, Tourdjman M, Goulet V, de Valk H, Lortholary O, Ravaud P, Lecuit M (2017). "Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: the MONALISA national prospective cohort study". Lancet Infect Dis. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30521-7. PMID 28139432.
- ↑ Goulet V, Hebert M, Hedberg C, Laurent E, Vaillant V, De Valk H, Desenclos JC (2012). "Incidence of listeriosis and related mortality among groups at risk of acquiring listeriosis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 54 (5): 652–60. doi:10.1093/cid/cir902. PMID 22157172.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 62 (22): 448–52. 2013. PMID 23739339. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help)