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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Clostridium tetani]] [[spores]] can be found in various locations including manure, soil and dust. Inhabitants of developing countries are at a higher risk of acquiring tetanus because of lack of tetanus vaccination and less focus on general [[hygiene]]. Various [[risk factors]] for tetanus include contaminated [[wounds]], punctured [[wounds]], [[Crush injury|crushing]], [[burns]] and working in unhygienic environment.<ref name="urlTetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html |title=Tetanus &#124; About Tetanus Disease &#124; Lockjaw &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25065047">{{cite journal| author=Del Pilar Morales E, Bertrán Pasarell J, Cardona Rodriguez Z, Almodovar Mercado JC, Figueroa Navarro A| title=Cephalic tetanus following penetrating eye trauma: a case report. | journal=Bol Asoc Med P R | year= 2014 | volume= 106 | issue= 2 | pages= 25-9 | pmid=25065047 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25065047  }} </ref>
Risk factors for the development of a tetanus infection include contaminated [[wounds]], punctured [[wounds]], [[Crush injury|crushing]], [[burns]] and working or living in poor hygiene conditions.<ref name="urlTetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html |title=Tetanus &#124; About Tetanus Disease &#124; Lockjaw &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25065047">{{cite journal| author=Del Pilar Morales E, Bertrán Pasarell J, Cardona Rodriguez Z, Almodovar Mercado JC, Figueroa Navarro A| title=Cephalic tetanus following penetrating eye trauma: a case report. | journal=Bol Asoc Med P R | year= 2014 | volume= 106 | issue= 2 | pages= 25-9 | pmid=25065047 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25065047  }} </ref>


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
There are various [[risk factors]] that increase the chance of acquiring tetanus. These include:<ref name="urlTetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html |title=Tetanus &#124; About Tetanus Disease &#124; Lockjaw &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25065047">{{cite journal| author=Del Pilar Morales E, Bertrán Pasarell J, Cardona Rodriguez Z, Almodovar Mercado JC, Figueroa Navarro A| title=Cephalic tetanus following penetrating eye trauma: a case report. | journal=Bol Asoc Med P R | year= 2014 | volume= 106 | issue= 2 | pages= 25-9 | pmid=25065047 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25065047  }} </ref>
Risk factors for developing a tetanus infection include:<ref name="urlTetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html |title=Tetanus &#124; About Tetanus Disease &#124; Lockjaw &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25065047">{{cite journal| author=Del Pilar Morales E, Bertrán Pasarell J, Cardona Rodriguez Z, Almodovar Mercado JC, Figueroa Navarro A| title=Cephalic tetanus following penetrating eye trauma: a case report. | journal=Bol Asoc Med P R | year= 2014 | volume= 106 | issue= 2 | pages= 25-9 | pmid=25065047 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25065047  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26797167">{{cite journal| author=Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H et al.| title=Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 36-7 | pmid=26797167 | doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26797167  }} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal
<ref name="pmid26797167">{{cite journal| author=Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H et al.| title=Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 36-7 | pmid=26797167 | doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26797167  }} </ref>
| author = [[Robert A. Felter]] & [[Lauren E. Zinns]]
*Improper [[immunization]]
| title = Cephalic Tetanus in an Immunized Teenager: An Unusual Case Report
| journal = [[Pediatric emergency care]]
| volume = 31
| issue = 7
| pages = 511–513
| year = 2015
| month = July
| doi = 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000360
| pmid = 25853723
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Anisha Doshi]], [[Clare Warrell]], [[Dima Dahdaleh]] & [[Dimitri Kullmann]]
| title = Just a graze? Cephalic tetanus presenting as a stroke mimic
| journal = [[Practical neurology]]
| volume = 14
| issue = 1
| pages = 39–41
| year = 2014
| month = February
| doi = 10.1136/practneurol-2013-000541
| pmid = 24052566
}}</ref>
*Inadequate [[immunization]]
**Never immunized for tetanus
**Never immunized for tetanus
**No booster after 10 years of last dose
**No booster after 10 years of last dose
*Presence of a [[puncture wound]]  
*Presence of a [[puncture wound]]  
*Simultaneous [[infection]] with other pathogens
*Simultaneous [[infection]] with other pathogens
*Presence of a foreign body, such as a splinter or a nail
*Penetrating injury with a [[foreign body]] such as a splinter or a nail
*Presence of dead [[tissue]]
*Untreated [[necrotic tissue]]
*[[Crush injury|Crushing injuries]]
*[[Crush injury|Crushing injuries]]
*[[Burns]]
*[[Burns]]
*Limited [[ischemia]]
*Limited [[ischemia]]
*Working in unhygienic environment
*Hiking in bat caves
*Hiking in bat caves
*Sports injuries
*Sports injuries
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===Injuries related to Tetanus===
===Injuries related to Tetanus===
There are many different injuries that can result in tetanus. Some of these injuries include:<ref name="urlTetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html |title=Tetanus &#124; About Tetanus Disease &#124; Lockjaw &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26797167">{{cite journal| author=Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H et al.| title=Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 36-7 | pmid=26797167 | doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26797167  }} </ref>
Injuries that have been associated with an increased risk of tetanus include:<ref name="urlTetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html |title=Tetanus &#124; About Tetanus Disease &#124; Lockjaw &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26797167">{{cite journal| author=Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H et al.| title=Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 36-7 | pmid=26797167 | doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26797167  }} </ref>


*[[Animal bite|Animal bites]]
*[[Animal bite|Animal bites]]
*Different types of [[dental]] procedures
*Different types of [[dental]] procedures
*[[Wounds]] from [[surgeries]]
*[[Wounds]] from [[surgeries]]
*Infection of umbilical stump in neonates
*Infection of umbilical stump in [[neonates]]
*[[Abortion|Septic abortion]]
*[[Abortion|Septic abortion]]
*Male circumcision (specially in subSaharan Africa)
*Male [[Circumcised|circumcision]] (specially in sub Saharan Africa)
*[[Crush injury|Crush injuries]]
*[[Crush injury|Crush injuries]]
*Gunshot [[wounds]]
*Gunshot [[wounds]]
Line 41: Line 61:
*[[Ear infections]]
*[[Ear infections]]
*[[Compound fracture]]s
*[[Compound fracture]]s
*Injecting drugs
*[[Intravenous drug use]]
*Self tattooing
*Self tattooing


===Rare Conditions leading to Tetanus===
===Rare Conditions leading to Tetanus===
*Intra muscular injections
Rarely, the following conditions may increase the risk of developing tetanus:<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Robert A. Felter]] & [[Lauren E. Zinns]]
| title = Cephalic Tetanus in an Immunized Teenager: An Unusual Case Report
| journal = [[Pediatric emergency care]]
| volume = 31
| issue = 7
| pages = 511–513
| year = 2015
| month = July
| doi = 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000360
| pmid = 25853723
}}</ref>
*Intramuscular injections
*[[IV drug abusers|IV drug abuse]]
*[[IV drug abusers|IV drug abuse]]
*Chronic sores
*Chronic sores
Line 51: Line 83:
*Superficial clean [[wounds]]
*Superficial clean [[wounds]]
*[[Insect bites]]
*[[Insect bites]]
*[[Immunocompromised|Immunocompromised]] (cephalic tetanus)


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 00:25, 30 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Michael Maddaleni, B.S.; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]

Overview

Risk factors for the development of a tetanus infection include contaminated wounds, punctured wounds, crushing, burns and working or living in poor hygiene conditions.[1][2]

Risk Factors

Risk factors for developing a tetanus infection include:[1][2][3][4][5]

Injuries related to Tetanus

Injuries that have been associated with an increased risk of tetanus include:[1][3]

Rare Conditions leading to Tetanus

Rarely, the following conditions may increase the risk of developing tetanus:[6]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Tetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC".
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Del Pilar Morales E, Bertrán Pasarell J, Cardona Rodriguez Z, Almodovar Mercado JC, Figueroa Navarro A (2014). "Cephalic tetanus following penetrating eye trauma: a case report". Bol Asoc Med P R. 106 (2): 25–9. PMID 25065047.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H; et al. (2016). "Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65 (2): 36–7. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5. PMID 26797167.
  4. ↑ Robert A. Felter & Lauren E. Zinns (2015). "Cephalic Tetanus in an Immunized Teenager: An Unusual Case Report". Pediatric emergency care. 31 (7): 511–513. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000000360. PMID 25853723. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Anisha Doshi, Clare Warrell, Dima Dahdaleh & Dimitri Kullmann (2014). "Just a graze? Cephalic tetanus presenting as a stroke mimic". Practical neurology. 14 (1): 39–41. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2013-000541. PMID 24052566. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Robert A. Felter & Lauren E. Zinns (2015). "Cephalic Tetanus in an Immunized Teenager: An Unusual Case Report". Pediatric emergency care. 31 (7): 511–513. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000000360. PMID 25853723. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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