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{{Cervical cancer}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
The most potent risk factor in the development of cervical cancer is [[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV) infection . Other risk factors include [[smoking]], increased number of sexual partners, and young age at time of first sexual intercourse.
The most common risk factor in development of cervical cancer is [[Human papillomavirus]] ([[HPV]]) infection. Other risk factors include [[smoking]], increased number of sexual partners, and young age at time of first sexual intercourse, [[immunodeficiency]], high [[parity]].
 
==Risk Factors==
The [[American Cancer Society]] provides the following list of risk factors for cervical cancer:
:*[[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV) infection
The most important risk factor in the development of cervical cancer is infection with a high-risk strain of [[human papillomavirus]].<ref>[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_2_2X_What_causes_cancer_of_the_cervix_Can_it_be_prevented_8.asp?sitearea= ]  American Cancer Society</ref>
 
More than 60 types of HPV are acknowledged to exist (some sources indicate more than 200 subtypes).<ref>[http://www.mdlab.com/html/testing/hpv_typedetect.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/benchmarks-vol2-issue4/page2]</ref> Of these, 15 are classified as high-risk types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82), 3 as probable high-risk (26, 53, and 66), and 12 as low-risk (6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81, and CP6108),<ref>[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/348/6/518]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12571259]</ref> but even those may cause cancer.  Types 16 and 18 are generally acknowledged to cause about 70% of the cancer cases.  Although most HPV infections clear up on their own, the infections could increase to major abnormalities or cervical cancer.<ref>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/HPV]</ref>
 
The presence of strains 16, 18 and 31 is the prime [[risk factor]] for cervical cancer, and Walboomers ''et al.'' (1999) reported that the presence of HPV is a necessary condition for the development of cervical cancer. A [[virus cancer link]] with HPV has been found to trigger alterations in the cells of the cervix, leading to the development of [[cervical intraepithelial neoplasia]] and cancer.
 
Other risk factors for cervical cancer include the following:[6]
 
 
:*'''[[Smoking]]:'''
 
Among women who are infected with [[HPV]], [[smoking]] cigarettes slightly increases the risk of cervical cancer.
 
:*'''[[HIV]] infection:'''
 
Infection with [[HIV]] (the virus that causes [[AIDS]]) or taking drugs that suppress the immune system increases the risk of cervical cancer.  


:*'''Increased number of sexual partners:'''
==Risk Factor==
Women who have had many sexual partners have a higher risk of developing cervical cancer. Also, a woman who has had sex with a man who has had many sexual partners may be at higher risk of developing cervical cancer. In both cases, the risk of developing cervical cancer is higher because these women have a higher risk of HPV infection.
Common risk factors associated with cervical cancer include:<ref name="pmid21499554">{{cite journal |vauthors=Efird JT, Toland AE, Lea CS, Phillips CJ |title=The combined influence of oral contraceptives and human papillomavirus virus on cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma |journal=Clin Med Insights Oncol |volume=5 |issue= |pages=55–75 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21499554 |pmc=3076039 |doi=10.4137/CMO.S6905 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Carcinoma of the cervix and tobacco smoking: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 13,541 women with carcinoma of the cervix and 23,017 women without carcinoma of the cervix from 23 epidemiological studies|journal=International Journal of Cancer|volume=118|issue=6|year=2006|pages=1481–1495|issn=00207136|doi=10.1002/ijc.21493}}</ref>
 
* [[Infection]] with high-risk [[HPV]], mainly subtypes 16 and 18.
:*'''Young age at time of first sexual intercourse''':
* Multiple sexual partners or a male partner with multiple previous or current sexual partners
Having unprotected sex, especially at a young age, makes HPV infection more likely.
* Young age at first [[intercourse]]
 
* [[Smoking]]
:*'''[[Hormonal contraception]]:'''
* High [[parity]]
 
* [[Immunosuppression]]
Using birth control pills for a long time (5 or more years) may slightly increase the risk of cervical cancer among women with HPV infection. However, the risk decreases quickly when women stop using birth control pills.
* [[HLA]] subtypes
 
* Use of [[oral contraceptives]]
:*'''[[High parity]]:'''
 
Studies suggest that giving birth to many children (5 or more) may slightly increase the risk of cervical cancer among women with HPV infection.
 
:*'''[[DES]] (diethylstilbestrol):'''
 
DES may increase the risk of a rare form of cervical cancer in daughters exposed to this drug before birth. DES was given to some pregnant women in the United States between about 1940 and 1971. (It is no longer given to pregnant women.)


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:primary care]]
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[[Category:Oncology]]
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Latest revision as of 20:51, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Nima Nasiri, M.D.[2]

Overview

The most common risk factor in development of cervical cancer is Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Other risk factors include smoking, increased number of sexual partners, and young age at time of first sexual intercourse, immunodeficiency, high parity.

Risk Factor

Common risk factors associated with cervical cancer include:[1][2]

References

  1. ↑ Efird JT, Toland AE, Lea CS, Phillips CJ (March 2011). "The combined influence of oral contraceptives and human papillomavirus virus on cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma". Clin Med Insights Oncol. 5: 55–75. doi:10.4137/CMO.S6905. PMC 3076039. PMID 21499554.
  2. ↑ "Carcinoma of the cervix and tobacco smoking: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 13,541 women with carcinoma of the cervix and 23,017 women without carcinoma of the cervix from 23 epidemiological studies". International Journal of Cancer. 118 (6): 1481–1495. 2006. doi:10.1002/ijc.21493. ISSN 0020-7136.

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