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__NOTOC__
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{{CMG}}; {{AE}}


== tab ==
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Qurrat}}


==Differential diagnosis of neck masses==
Differential diagnosis of neck masses include:
{|
! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Category
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Benign or Malignant
! colspan="8" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Clinical manifestation
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Paraclinical findings
! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard diagnosis
! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Demography
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
! colspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab findings
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histopathology
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pain
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysphagia
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Mass exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Skin changes
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |LAP
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Congenital
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Branchial cleft cyst<ref name="Nahata2016">{{cite journal|last1=Nahata|first1=Vaishali|title=Branchial cleft cyst|journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology|volume=61|issue=6|year=2016|pages=701|issn=0019-5154|doi=10.4103/0019-5154.193718}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Benign
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Age: 1-15 yrs/ varies
* Familial occurence is noted
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Lateral neck mass
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Solitary
* Smooth
* Mobile
* Welldefined
* Nonpulsatile
* Fluctuant
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* A pit is found at the opening of the cyst
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Squamous or ciliated epithelial lining
* Lymphoid tissue with germinal centers and subcapsular sinuses
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* CT: Well defined fluid attenuation with slight enhancement of the capsule
* Ultrasound: Typical features of a cyst are seen
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Brachio-oto-renal syndrome
* Sinus
* Fistula
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Thyroglossal duct cyst<ref name="pmid30085599">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amos J, Shermetaro C |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30085599 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19718389">{{cite journal |vauthors=Deaver MJ, Silman EF, Lotfipour S |title=Infected thyroglossal duct cyst |journal=West J Emerg Med |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=205 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19718389 |pmc=2729228 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Benign
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Age: 1-10 yrs/ varies
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Midline neck mass
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Mobile
* Moves upwards with tongue protrusion and swallowing
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Squamous or ciliated pseudostratified columnar lining
* Foci of thyroid gland tissue
* Granulation tissue or giant cells if it gets infected
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Ultrasound:  Anechoic, thin walls, and heterogeneous with internal septae
* CT with contrast: Well circumscribed,homogeneous fluid attenuation, thin enhancing rim
* MRI: T1- dark, T2-bright images
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Haemangioma<ref name="Léauté-LabrèzePrey2011">{{cite journal|last1=Léauté-Labrèze|first1=C.|last2=Prey|first2=S.|last3=Ezzedine|first3=K.|title=Infantile haemangioma: Part I. Pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical features, life cycle and associated structural abnormalities|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=25|issue=11|year=2011|pages=1245–1253|issn=09269959|doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04102.x}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Benign
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Age: birth - 2 yrs
* Females>males
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Usually present with a  flat red or purple patch
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Firm
* Rubbery
* Well-demarcated
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Blanching
* Telangiectasias
* Erythematous patch
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* GLUT-1
* VEGF
* Urinary BFGF
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Lined by non atypical endothelial cells
* Vascular structures with RBC
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Ultrasound: High flow with vascular channels
* MRI: With or without Gd is the modality of choice
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* POEMS and Castleman's disease
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Vascular malformations
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Lymphatic malformations
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Laryngocele<ref name="pmid23881550">{{cite journal |vauthors=Werner RL, Schroeder JW, Castle JT |title=Bilateral laryngoceles |journal=Head Neck Pathol |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=110–3 |date=March 2014 |pmid=23881550 |pmc=3950389 |doi=10.1007/s12105-013-0478-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23120570">{{cite journal |vauthors=Prasad KC, Vijayalakshmi S, Prasad SC |title=Laryngoceles - presentations and management |journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=303–8 |date=December 2008 |pmid=23120570 |pmc=3476818 |doi=10.1007/s12070-008-0108-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28819622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahdoufi R, Barhmi I, Tazi N, Abada R, Roubal M, Mahtar M |title=Mixed Pyolaryngocele: A Rare Case of Deep Neck Infection |journal=Iran J Otorhinolaryngol |volume=29 |issue=93 |pages=225–228 |date=July 2017 |pmid=28819622 |pmc=5554815 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Benign
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* More common in adults
* Male: female = 5:1
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Present with a neck swelling, hoarseness, stridor and globus sensation
* Episodic in nature
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Soft
* Reducible
* Increase in size on valsalva
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Common in glass blowers, trumpet players
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Lined by pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* X-ray, CT: Fluid and air containing cystic masses
* CT is the preferred one
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* CT scan is the gold standard imaging for diagnosis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Ranula<ref name="pmid29207849">{{cite journal |vauthors=Packiri S, Gurunathan D, Selvarasu K |title=Management of Paediatric Oral Ranula: A Systematic Review |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=ZE06–ZE09 |date=September 2017 |pmid=29207849 |pmc=5713871 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2017/28498.10622 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Benign
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Age: 1st and 2nd decade
* Female: male=1:1.4
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Present with a blue colored swelling in the floor of the mouth
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Well circumscribed
* Fluctuant
* Soft
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Teratoma
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Incidence: 1:4000 births
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |High ALP levels
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Dermoid cyst<ref name="ParadisKoltai2015">{{cite journal|last1=Paradis|first1=Josée|last2=Koltai|first2=Peter J.|title=Pediatric Teratoma and Dermoid Cysts|journal=Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America|volume=48|issue=1|year=2015|pages=121–136|issn=00306665|doi=10.1016/j.otc.2014.09.009}}</ref><ref name="pmid24629659">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaddikeri S, Vattoth S, Gaddikeri RS, Stuart R, Harrison K, Young D, Bhargava P |title=Congenital cystic neck masses: embryology and imaging appearances, with clinicopathological correlation |journal=Curr Probl Diagn Radiol |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=55–67 |date=2014 |pmid=24629659 |doi=10.1067/j.cpradiol.2013.12.001 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Benign
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Incidence: 3 per 10000 population
* Age: birth - 5 yrs
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Presents as a slow growing mass or a sinus
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Freely mobile/Fixed
* Solitary
* Rubbery
* Nonpulsatile
* Noncompressible
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Usually normal/sometimes a pit or sinus is seen
* A tuft of hair at the center of the pit for nasal dermoid cyst
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Keratinizing squamous epithelium
* Occasional remnants of hair follicles,adipose tissue, and sweat glands
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Ultrasound: Thin walled, unilocular
* CT: With contrast well circumscribed, unilocular, sac-of-marbles appearance due to fatty tissue
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Thymic cyst<ref name="GaddikeriVattoth2014">{{cite journal|last1=Gaddikeri|first1=Santhosh|last2=Vattoth|first2=Surjith|last3=Gaddikeri|first3=Ramya S.|last4=Stuart|first4=Royal|last5=Harrison|first5=Keith|last6=Young|first6=Daniel|last7=Bhargava|first7=Puneet|title=Congenital Cystic Neck Masses: Embryology and Imaging Appearances, With Clinicopathological Correlation|journal=Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology|volume=43|issue=2|year=2014|pages=55–67|issn=03630188|doi=10.1067/j.cpradiol.2013.12.001}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Benign
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Age: 1-10 yrs
* Males>Females
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Presents as a soft mass, gradually enlarging, on left side of the neck(usual)
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Soft
* Compressible
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Squamous/cuboidal epithelium
* Lymphoid tissue in the cyst wall contains hassall corpuscles
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Ultrasound: Unilocular cystic mass
* CT: Uni/multilocular, well circumscribed and nonenhancing
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Category
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Benign or Malignant
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Demography
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pain
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysphagia
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Mass exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Skin changes
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |LAP
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab findings
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histopathology
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard diagnosis
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings
|-
| rowspan="21" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Inflammatory
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Acute sialadenitis <ref name="pmid28059621">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abdel Razek AAK, Mukherji S |title=Imaging of sialadenitis |journal=Neuroradiol J |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=205–215 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28059621 |pmc=5480791 |doi=10.1177/1971400916682752 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Benign
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* No sex predilection
* Occurs in all age groups
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Presents with an unilateral erythematous swelling
* Bad breath
* Fever with chills
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Tender
* Firm
* Purulent discharge expressed from the duct
* Smooth
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Redness
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* More common in people with bad oral hygiene
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* ↑ ESR
* Leukocytosis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Ultrasound: Hypoechoic with ductal dilatation
* CT: Diffuse homogeneous enlargement
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Chronic sialadenitis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Benign
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* No sex predilection
* Occurs in all age groups
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Presents with an unilateral swelling
* Recurrent episodes common
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Non-tender
* Firm
* Smooth
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Mostly due to obstruction by a stone or stricture
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* ↑ ESR
* Leukocytosis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Reactive viral lymphadenopathy
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |CMV<ref name="pmid247536382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mohseni S, Shojaiefard A, Khorgami Z, Alinejad S, Ghorbani A, Ghafouri A |title=Peripheral lymphadenopathy: approach and diagnostic tools |journal=Iran J Med Sci |volume=39 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=158–70 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24753638 |pmc=3993046 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Age: 10-35 yrs mainly
* No sex predilection
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Flu-like illness
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Non-tender
* Soft
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Generalized/cervical
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* H&E stain: Typical owl-eye inclusions(nuclear)
* Basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* FNAC & serology
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |EBV<ref name="pmid24753638">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mohseni S, Shojaiefard A, Khorgami Z, Alinejad S, Ghorbani A, Ghafouri A |title=Peripheral lymphadenopathy: approach and diagnostic tools |journal=Iran J Med Sci |volume=39 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=158–70 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24753638 |pmc=3993046 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25478033">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stuhlmann-Laeisz C, Oschlies I, Klapper W |title=Detection of EBV in reactive and neoplastic lymphoproliferations in adults-when and how? |journal=J Hematop |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=165–170 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25478033 |pmc=4243011 |doi=10.1007/s12308-014-0209-0 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Age: Mainly adolescents
* Sex: No sex predilection
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Sore throat
* Fever
* Malaise
* Lymphadenopathy
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Non-tender
* Firm
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* B/L posterior cervical, axillary, inguinal
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| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Atypical lymphocytosis
* + Monospot test
* IgM & IgG antibodies
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* CD8+ lymphocytes
* Tissue necrosis
* B lymphocyte blasts
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* FNAC & serology
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|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |HIV
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
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| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Flu-like illness
* Rash
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| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Viral URI
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! rowspan="6" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Bacterial lymphadenopathy
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Tularemia
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Brucellosis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Cat-scratch disease
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Actinomycosis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Mycobacterial infections
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Staphylococcal or streptococcal infection
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Parasitic lymphadenopathy
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Toxoplasma gondii
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Sarcoidosis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Amyloidosis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Sjögren syndrome
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Castleman disease (angiofollicular lymphoproliferative disease)
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Kikuchi disease (histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis)
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Kimura disease
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Rosai-Dorfman disease
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Kawasaki disease
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Category
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Benign or Malignant
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Demography
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pain
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysphagia
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Mass exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Skin changes
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |LAP
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab findings
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histopathology
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard diagnosis
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings
|-
! rowspan="20" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Neoplasm
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Primary thyroid tumor
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! rowspan="10" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Salivary gland neoplasm
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Pleomorphic adenoma
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Warthin's tumor
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Lymphoepithelioma
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Oncocytoma
<ref name="pmid277220032">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen B, Hentzelman JI, Walker RJ, Lai JP |title=Oncocytoma of the Submandibular Gland: Diagnosis and Treatment Based on Clinicopathology |journal=Case Rep Otolaryngol |volume=2016 |issue= |pages=8719030 |date=2016 |pmid=27722003 |pmc=5045990 |doi=10.1155/2016/8719030 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Benign
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Race: Caucasian patients predilection
* Gender: No gender preference
* Age: 50–70 years
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Growing palpable painless mass
* Facial swelling
* Lymphadenopathy (if transformed to malignant)
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Firm, multilobulated and mobile mass
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Normal
* Redness
* Swelling
* Skin ulceration
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Normal
* Anemia
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Epithelial cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm rich in mitochondria
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* '''CT:''' 
** Isodense expansive mass
** Enhancement after intravenous contrast
** Hypodense areas
* '''MRI:'''
** Isodensties on T1
** Mass is hyperintense on T2
** Enhancement on contrast
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Incisional biopsy and histopathological examination
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Monomorphic adenoma <ref name="pmid10889498">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim KH, Sung MW, Kim JW, Koo JW |title=Pleomorphic adenoma of the trachea |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=123 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=147–8 |date=July 2000 |pmid=10889498 |doi=10.1067/mhn.2000.102809 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24431845">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pramod Krishna B |title=Pleomorphic Adenoma of Minor Salivary Gland in a 14 year Old Child |journal=J Maxillofac Oral Surg |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=228–31 |date=June 2013 |pmid=24431845 |pmc=3681990 |doi=10.1007/s12663-010-0125-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30546932">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kessler AT, Bhatt AA |title=Review of the Major and Minor Salivary Glands, Part 2: Neoplasms and Tumor-like Lesions |journal=J Clin Imaging Sci |volume=8 |issue= |pages=48 |date=2018 |pmid=30546932 |pmc=6251244 |doi=10.4103/jcis.JCIS_46_18 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Benign or malignant
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Age: From 26 to 76 years
* Rare in children
* Sex: No sex predilection
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Growing palpable painless mass on jaw or in oral cavity
* Facial swelling
* Lymphadenopathy (if transformed to malignant)
* Pain and ulceration (in later stage)
*
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nodular and fluctuant swelling
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Normal
* Redness
* Skin ulceration
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Straw colored fluid on aspiration
*
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | '''Ultrasound''':
* Used to biopsy the lesion
* May show cystic an solid components
'''CT:'''
* useful for lesions with calcification and venous  pleboliths
'''MRI:'''
* Test of choice
* Differentiate benign from malignant
* Defines tumor extent
* Shows perineural spread
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Incisional biopsy and histopathological examination
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
<ref name="pmid21243374">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chenevert J, Barnes LE, Chiosea SI |title=Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: a five-decade journey |journal=Virchows Arch. |volume=458 |issue=2 |pages=133–40 |date=February 2011 |pmid=21243374 |doi=10.1007/s00428-011-1040-y |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Malignant
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Age::  Mean age of 59
* Gender: Female predilection
*
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Painlesss mass
* Swelling in oral cavity
* Lympadenopathy
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Cystic and solid mass
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Association with CMV
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Gross findings:
* Firm
* Tan-white to yellow
* Bosselated
* Cystic
Microscopic:
* Encapsulated  squamous and glandular components
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | cystic and solid component with variable appearance
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Incisional biopsy and histopathological examination
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Adenoid cystic carcinoma <ref name="pmid17825603">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jones AV, Craig GT, Speight PM, Franklin CD |title=The range and demographics of salivary gland tumours diagnosed in a UK population |journal=Oral Oncol. |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=407–17 |date=April 2008 |pmid=17825603 |doi=10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.05.010 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Malignant
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Age: 40s to 60s
Gender: Female predominance
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Slow growing painless mass
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Solid mass
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Normal to ulcerated lesions
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Slow growing  rare tumor with low recurrence
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Gross: Tubular, cribriform and solid pattern of growrth
Microscopic: Components of large cells with pleomorphic nuclei
increased mitotic activity, and focial necrosis.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Imaging reveal dimensions of the tumor, local spread and distant metastasis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Biopsy and histopathological examination
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Adenocarcinoma
<ref name="pmid16487803">{{cite journal |vauthors=Beltran D, Faquin WC, Gallagher G, August M |title=Selective immunohistochemical comparison of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma |journal=J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=415–23 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16487803 |doi=10.1016/j.joms.2005.11.027 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Malignant
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Age: young age predilection
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Its a tumor of minor salivary glands so may present as small ulceration or nodules in oral cavity
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Small nodules and oral cavity with or without lymphadenopathy
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Skin stays intact or may show some ulceration
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |There are several subtypes of adenocarcimoma.
Some are more infiltrating in nature
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Can be normal or may show anemia and blood cell disorders with distant bone invasion
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |On histology it is confused with Adeocyctic carcinoma with components of gland and cyst formations. 
It has more perineural invasion.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | CT and MRI both can be used to visualize the tumor. MRI being more accurate for adjacent tissue involvement and lymphadenopathy.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Biopsy and histopathological examination
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Salivary duct carcinoma
<ref name="pmid22434951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mlika M, Kourda N, Zidi Y, Aloui R, Zneidi N, Rammeh S, Zermani R, Jilani SB |title=Salivary duct carcinoma of the parotid gland |journal=J Oral Maxillofac Pathol |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=134–6 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22434951 |pmc=3303509 |doi=10.4103/0973-029X.92992 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29103750">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmitt NC, Kang H, Sharma A |title=Salivary duct carcinoma: An aggressive salivary gland malignancy with opportunities for targeted therapy |journal=Oral Oncol. |volume=74 |issue= |pages=40–48 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29103750 |pmc=5685667 |doi=10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.09.008 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23821208">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simpson RH |title=Salivary duct carcinoma: new developments--morphological variants including pure in situ high grade lesions; proposed molecular classification |journal=Head Neck Pathol |volume=7 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S48–58 |date=July 2013 |pmid=23821208 |pmc=3712088 |doi=10.1007/s12105-013-0456-x |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Malignant
(Highly aggressive)
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Incidence: 1% to 3%
Gender: Men 
Mean age: 55 to 61 years
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Presents as rapidly growing mass
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Painless, hard and non-compressible mass
* In case of facial nerve involvement may present with facial paralysis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Jaw involvement results in ulceration of mucosa and may cause ulceration of skin as well
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Rapidly growing mass with jaw involvement and facial paralysis in case of facial nerve involvement
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Pathomorphologically tumor of salivary ducts resembles tumor of breast ducts , and that where it name is derived from
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Gross findings:
* Firm mass
* Cystic component of variable size and dimension
Microscopic finding:
* Microscopically it resembles ductal carcinoma of breast
* Intraductal components invading surrounding tissues
* Intra-ductal component of tumor arrange in several forms: cribriform, papillary, solid with comedo-like central necrosis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Non-specific features on CT and MRI but it can show neural and jaw involvement.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Biopsy and histopathological examination
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Squamous cell carcinoma
<ref name="pmid25328317">{{cite journal |vauthors=Manvikar V, Ramulu S, Ravishanker ST, Chakravarthy C |title=Squamous cell carcinoma of submandibular salivary gland: A rare case report |journal=J Oral Maxillofac Pathol |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=299–302 |date=May 2014 |pmid=25328317 |pmc=4196305 |doi=10.4103/0973-029X.140909 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16475198">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ying YL, Johnson JT, Myers EN |title=Squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland |journal=Head Neck |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=626–32 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16475198 |doi=10.1002/hed.20360 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Malignant
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Incidence: rare tumor
Age: Old age , 61 to 68 years
Gender: Male predilection
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Present as painful growing mass on jaw
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Teneder
* Firm
* Solitary swelling on jaw
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Thinning and discoloration of skin
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Submandibular gland predilection
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Past radiation exposure is a strong risk factor.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Gross: Shows skin tissue and thinning of skin
Microscopically:
Nest and solid sheets of tumor cells arranged in glandular pattern. It is derived from epidermoid cells of salivary gland.
May show vascular invasion and inflammatory infiltrate.
Immunohistochemical staining can be used to mark the squamous and keratin component.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Tumor dimension can be delineated using both CT and MRI
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Biopsy and histopathological examination
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Parathyroid tumors
<ref name="pmid22327883">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wei CH, Harari A |title=Parathyroid carcinoma: update and guidelines for management |journal=Curr Treat Options Oncol |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=11–23 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22327883 |doi=10.1007/s11864-011-0171-3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17713315">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sahasranam P, Tran MT, Mohamed H, Friedman TC |title=Multiglandular parathyroid carcinoma: a case report and brief review |journal=South. Med. J. |volume=100 |issue=8 |pages=841–4 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17713315 |doi=10.1097/SMJ.0b013e318073ca37 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4886854">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holmes EC, Morton DL, Ketcham AS |title=Parathyroid carcinoma: a collective review |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=169 |issue=4 |pages=631–40 |date=April 1969 |pmid=4886854 |pmc=1387475 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Malignant
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Incidence: Rare
Mean age : 44 to 54 years
Gender: Female predilection
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Presents with the hyperparathyroidi
* Tachycardia
* Weight loss
* Sweating
* Neck swelling
* Bone pains
* Stomach pain
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fatigue
* Confusion
*
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Lower neck mass with
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Skin stays intact most of the time
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Labs may show hypercalcemia and its consequences such as pancreatitis and decrease bone density on DEXA scan.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Low TSH
* Increased T4 and T3
* Hypercalcemia
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Microscopic findings:Tumor shows trabecular growth pattern with high mitosis and surrounding thick fibrous bands. Capsular involvement  and vascular invasion is common
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* CT and MRI shows more frequent lower lobe involvement, vascular involvement , lymph node metastasis and perineural involvement.
* Bone scan may show decreasing cone density
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Biopsy and histopathological examination
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Carotid body tumors
<ref name="pmid174004872">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sajid MS, Hamilton G, Baker DM |title=A multicenter review of carotid body tumour management |journal=Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=127–30 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17400487 |doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2007.01.015 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Benign
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Age: 26-55 years
Gender: Male predominance
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* A slow growing pulsating and expanding neck mass
* pain, d
* Alteration of voice
* Dizziness
* Tinnitus
* Headache
*
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Mobile non-tender neck mass (horizontally more than vertically)
*
* Pulsatile nodule in neck
* Bruit may be present
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Urinary analysis for metanephrine levels
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |May show Increased catecholamine levels
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Doppler ultrasound, CT, MRI and angiography is used to visulaize the tumor.
* Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) testing
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Histopathology analysis and catecholamine levels
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Paraganglioma
<ref name="pmid15328326">{{cite journal |vauthors=Neumann HP, Pawlu C, Peczkowska M, Bausch B, McWhinney SR, Muresan M, Buchta M, Franke G, Klisch J, Bley TA, Hoegerle S, Boedeker CC, Opocher G, Schipper J, Januszewicz A, Eng C |title=Distinct clinical features of paraganglioma syndromes associated with SDHB and SDHD gene mutations |journal=JAMA |volume=292 |issue=8 |pages=943–51 |date=August 2004 |pmid=15328326 |doi=10.1001/jama.292.8.943 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11701678">{{cite journal |vauthors=Erickson D, Kudva YC, Ebersold MJ, Thompson GB, Grant CS, van Heerden JA, Young WF |title=Benign paragangliomas: clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in 236 patients |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=86 |issue=11 |pages=5210–6 |date=November 2001 |pmid=11701678 |doi=10.1210/jcem.86.11.8034 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8678971">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Riordain DS, Young WF, Grant CS, Carney JA, van Heerden JA |title=Clinical spectrum and outcome of functional extraadrenal paraganglioma |journal=World J Surg |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=916–21; discussion 922 |date=September 1996 |pmid=8678971 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Benign (Majority)
Malignnat (rare)
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Mean age:age from 50 to 70 years
Gender: More in females
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
May be an accidental finding depending on their secretory nature or present with following symptoms:
* Palpitations
* Tremor
* Pulse-like vibratory sense
* Headache
* Change in voice Vertigo
Catecholamine-secreting paragangliomas present with :
* Hypertension
* Headache
* Sweating
* Tachycardia
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |No visible mass as they are located deep in the the neck along the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |skin stays intact and usually is normal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Associated with some hereditary syndromes and  MEN2B syndrome,  Neurofibromatosis type 1 and VHL disease.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Biochemical testing may show catecholamine metabolites in serum or urine samples
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |These are highly vascular tumors that involves nerves around vessels
Gross findings:
* Fleshy tumors
* Pink to red brown to gray in color
* Associated with hemorrhage or fibrosis
Microscopic findings:
Round or polygonal cells arranged inside capsule in the form of nests or  forming trabecular structures.
Differentiation between benign or malignancy form is done depending  microscopic features of invasion and high mitotic index..
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Following imaging techniques can be used to diagnose the tumor:
* Ultrasound
* Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging
As these are secretory tumors further testing with following techniques can confirm diagnoses:
* Angiography
* metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG)
* 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose Positron emission tomography (FDG-PET).
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Imaging and serum catecholamine analysis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Schwannoma
<ref name="pmid24450866">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hilton DA, Hanemann CO |title=Schwannomas and their pathogenesis |journal=Brain Pathol. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=205–20 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24450866 |doi=10.1111/bpa.12125 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28237565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Albert P, Patel J, Badawy K, Weissinger W, Brenner M, Bourhill I, Parnell J |title=Peripheral Nerve Schwannoma: A Review of Varying Clinical Presentations and Imaging Findings |journal=J Foot Ankle Surg |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=632–637 |date=2017 |pmid=28237565 |doi=10.1053/j.jfas.2016.12.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27020268">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wong BLK, Bathala S, Grant D |title=Laryngeal schwannoma: a systematic review |journal=Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=274 |issue=1 |pages=25–34 |date=January 2017 |pmid=27020268 |doi=10.1007/s00405-016-4013-6 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Benign
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Rare tumor
Incidence: 1% to 10%
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Slow growing mass presents with the localized neural deficit depending on the site of peripheral nerve involved.
Vagal involvement:
* Hoarseness
* Dysphagia
Sympathetic nerve involvement may present as Horner's syndrome:
* Dilated pupil
* Decrease sweating
* Dropping eye lid
Vestibular Schwannoma (most common):
* hearing impairment
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Multiple slow growing  nodules on the skin
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Noirmal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Associated with neurofibromatosis type II.
Most common nerve involved in vestibular nerve.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |May be normal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |It is a peripheral nerve tumor
vagus nerve or superior cervical sympathetic chain being most common locations.
Histology shows encapsulated neural tissue growth.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Imaging can diagnose the tumor. Its hard to discriminate Carotid body tumor from Schwannoma on CT.MRI and MRI angiography can confirm the diagnoses.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Imaging is used for diagnose
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Lymphoma <ref name="pmid7139563">{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson T, Chabner BA, Young RC, Berard CW, Garvin AJ, Simon RM, DeVita VT |title=Malignant lymphoma. 1. The histology and staging of 473 patients at the National Cancer Institute |journal=Cancer |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=2699–707 |date=December 1982 |pmid=7139563 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid71395632">{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson T, Chabner BA, Young RC, Berard CW, Garvin AJ, Simon RM, DeVita VT |title=Malignant lymphoma. 1. The histology and staging of 473 patients at the National Cancer Institute |journal=Cancer |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=2699–707 |date=December 1982 |pmid=7139563 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid15185336">{{cite journal |vauthors=Negri E, Little D, Boiocchi M, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S |title=B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |date=August 2004 |pmid=15185336 |doi=10.1002/ijc.20205 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2406917">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moormeier JA, Williams SF, Golomb HM |title=The staging of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas |journal=Semin. Oncol. |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=43–50 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2406917 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid151853362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Negri E, Little D, Boiocchi M, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S |title=B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |date=August 2004 |pmid=15185336 |doi=10.1002/ijc.20205 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid71395633">{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson T, Chabner BA, Young RC, Berard CW, Garvin AJ, Simon RM, DeVita VT |title=Malignant lymphoma. 1. The histology and staging of 473 patients at the National Cancer Institute |journal=Cancer |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=2699–707 |date=December 1982 |pmid=7139563 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Benign/ malignnat
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Age: Predilection for older age
Mean age: 55
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Insidious onset slow growing lymph nodes with non-specific systemic B symptoms (fever, night sweats, weight loss)
* Skin rash
* Waxing and waning lymphadenopathy
* Abdominal fullness ( hepatomegaly  and spleenomegaly)
* Infections (cytopenias)
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Multiple chain lympadeopathy
* Hepatomegaly
* Splenomegaly
* Mesenteric lymph adenopathy
* Ascities
* Chest auscultation may show crackles and fibrosis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Skin rash and pruritus
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
With acquired form of C1 inhibitor deficiency patients may develop angioedema
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Anemia
* Thrombocytopenia
* Leukopenia
* Hypercalcemia
* Hyperuricemia ( increased cell turnover)
* Monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-spike)
* Raised LDH levels
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Fine needle aspiration (FNA) with cytometry is used for screening.
* Tissue biopsy is used for diagnose.
* On complete node analysis four patterns are described:
** Nodular/follicular
** Diffuse pattern
** Transition from a nodular to a diffuse pattern in adjacent nodes
** Transition from a lower to a higher grade of involvement within a single node
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Imaging is used to stage the disease.
* Positron emission tomography with computed tomography (PET/CT) is preferred over MRI.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Lymph node biopsy coupled with cytometry
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Liposarcoma <ref name="pmid171979142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Evans HL |title=Atypical lipomatous tumor, its variants, and its combined forms: a study of 61 cases, with a minimum follow-up of 10 years |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17197914 |doi=10.1097/01.pas.0000213406.95440.7a |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21253554">{{cite journal |vauthors=Conyers R, Young S, Thomas DM |title=Liposarcoma: molecular genetics and therapeutics |journal=Sarcoma |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=483154 |date=2011 |pmid=21253554 |pmc=3021868 |doi=10.1155/2011/483154 |url=}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid19194281">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alaggio R, Coffin CM, Weiss SW, Bridge JA, Issakov J, Oliveira AM, Folpe AL |title=Liposarcomas in young patients: a study of 82 cases occurring in patients younger than 22 years of age |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=645–58 |date=May 2009 |pmid=19194281 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181963c9c |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid176106862">{{cite journal |vauthors=Serpell JW, Chen RY |title=Review of large deep lipomatous tumours |journal=ANZ J Surg |volume=77 |issue=7 |pages=524–9 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17610686 |doi=10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04042.x |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Malignnat
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Rare tumors
Age: Relatively in older age
Gender: No gender predilection
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Mobile masses with very few symptoms until  they grow enough to compress the surrounding structures, which produces symptoms of neural deficit, pain , tingling or skin changes.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Mobile soft mass with intact overlying skin and in some cases with blue discoloration due to intra-lesion hemorrhage
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Intact and normal color
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Gross findings:
Bulk of yellow colored fat tissue.
Microscopic features:
Adipoce tissue containing that containing lipoblasts atypical nucleus pushed to side by intracytoplasmic vacuoles.
Tissue biopsy may show histological sub-groups:
* Well-differentiated
* Myxoid/round cell
* Pleomorphic liposarcomas
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Imaging is not usually used for diagnoses except to look for deeper invasion.
Ultrasound shows homogeneous hyperechoic mass.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Biopsy and histopathology analysis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Lipoma <ref name="pmid24800932">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Bree E, Karatzanis A, Hunt JL, Strojan P, Rinaldo A, Takes RP, Ferlito A, de Bree R |title=Lipomatous tumours of the head and neck: a spectrum of biological behaviour |journal=Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=272 |issue=5 |pages=1061–77 |date=May 2015 |pmid=24800932 |doi=10.1007/s00405-014-3065-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6670522">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rydholm A, Berg NO |title=Size, site and clinical incidence of lipoma. Factors in the differential diagnosis of lipoma and sarcoma |journal=Acta Orthop Scand |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=929–34 |date=December 1983 |pmid=6670522 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7282321">{{cite journal |vauthors=Myhre-Jensen O |title=A consecutive 7-year series of 1331 benign soft tissue tumours. Clinicopathologic data. Comparison with sarcomas |journal=Acta Orthop Scand |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=287–93 |date=June 1981 |pmid=7282321 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Benign
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Genetic predisposition
* Unspecific gender or age association
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |One or multiple soft, painless skin nodules.
May causes pain or compressive symptoms
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Mobile soft nodule with intact overlying skin
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Intact and normal in color
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Multiple lipomas are associated with familial multiple lipomatosis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Diagnoses is usually clinical but tissue biopsy may show
Bundle of well-demarcated lipocytes with single nuclei aligned to the side and intra-cytoplasimic fat granules.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
Lipoma's diagnoses is usually clinical but ultrasound is used to differentiate lipoma from other benign lesions such as epidermoid cyst or a ganglion.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Clinical evaluation
and tissue biopy
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Glomus vagale, glomus jugulare tumors
<ref name="pmid8164483">{{cite journal |vauthors=Urquhart AC, Johnson JT, Myers EN, Schechter GL |title=Glomus vagale: paraganglioma of the vagus nerve |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=440–5 |date=April 1994 |pmid=8164483 |doi=10.1288/00005537-199404000-00008 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6308990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valavanis A, Schubiger O, Oguz M |title=High-resolution CT investigation of nonchromaffin paragangliomas of the temporal bone |journal=AJNR Am J Neuroradiol |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=516–9 |date=1983 |pmid=6308990 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid81644832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Urquhart AC, Johnson JT, Myers EN, Schechter GL |title=Glomus vagale: paraganglioma of the vagus nerve |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=440–5 |date=April 1994 |pmid=8164483 |doi=10.1288/00005537-199404000-00008 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1988766">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stein PP, Black HR |title=A simplified diagnostic approach to pheochromocytoma. A review of the literature and report of one institution's experience |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=46–66 |date=January 1991 |pmid=1988766 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid17400487">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sajid MS, Hamilton G, Baker DM |title=A multicenter review of carotid body tumour management |journal=Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=127–30 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17400487 |doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2007.01.015 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15883711">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boedeker CC, Ridder GJ, Schipper J |title=Paragangliomas of the head and neck: diagnosis and treatment |journal=Fam. Cancer |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=55–9 |date=2005 |pmid=15883711 |doi=10.1007/s10689-004-2154-z |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Benign
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
Rare tumor
*
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Painless slowly enlarging mass in the neck
* May have compressive symptoms such as:
** Dysphagia
** Hoarseness
** Cranial nerves deficits
** Horner's syndrome
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Firm, non-compressible and non-tender swelling.
* Absent thrill or bruit differentiate it from carotid aneurysm.
* Normal overlying skin.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Normal and mobile overlying skin
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Secretory tumors are diagnosed by biochemical testing using  Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) , followed by imaging to locate the tumor
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Glomus tumors arise from nonchromaffin cells thir histopathology reveals "salt and pepper" chromatin which is typical of tumor.
* On immunohistochemistry tumor cells show chromogranin  and S-100 positivisty
*
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Imaging is important for the diagnosis.
* Imaging of  choice is MRI.
* MRI may show typical appearance of the tumor along Vagus nerve.
* USG may used to see the tumor but it is for early stage of diagnoses.
* US shows isoechoic to hypoechoic well defined tumor.
* CT can show vascularity of tumor.
* Biochemical testing to see secretary nature of tumor
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Imaging and MIBG testing
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Metastatic head and neck carcinoma
<ref name="pmid2211107">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gluckman JL, Robbins KT, Fried MP |title=Cervical metastatic squamous carcinoma of unknown or occult primary source |journal=Head Neck |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=440–3 |date=1990 |pmid=2211107 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19841343">{{cite journal |vauthors=Waltonen JD, Ozer E, Hall NC, Schuller DE, Agrawal A |title=Metastatic carcinoma of the neck of unknown primary origin: evolution and efficacy of the modern workup |journal=Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=135 |issue=10 |pages=1024–9 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19841343 |doi=10.1001/archoto.2009.145 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Malignant
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Depends on the nature of metastatic tumor
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Asymptomatic
* Painless lymphadenopathy.
* Supra clavicular fullness in case of stomach cancer metastasis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Non-tender mass in the neck or non-tender lymphadenopathy
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Normal skin
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Majority of metastatic head and neck cancer metastatise from GIT and lungs and are squamous cell caners.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Vary depending on the underlying cancer
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Histology of primary cancer
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | CT and MRI shows extend of the tumor and other regions of metastasis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Biopsy and histopathology of the primary site of tumor
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Laryngeal cancer
<ref name="pmid6639441">{{cite journal |vauthors=Feldman PS, Kaplan MJ, Johns ME, Cantrell RW |title=Fine-needle aspiration in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck |journal=Arch Otolaryngol |volume=109 |issue=11 |pages=735–42 |date=November 1983 |pmid=6639441 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26237923">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grénman R, Koivunen P, Minn H |title=[Laryngeal cancer in Finland] |language=Finnish |journal=Duodecim |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=331–7 |date=2015 |pmid=26237923 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Benign/Malignant
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Older males
* Younger patients with HPV infection or smoking history
*
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Neck mass
* Hoarseness
* Throat pain
* Snoring]
* Obstructive sleep apnea
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Examination of neck and oral cavity may show mass and lymphadenopathy.
* Examination of laryngeal cancer is done using flexible laryngoscopy under anasthesia.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Smoking is the most common risk factor
* Smoking with alcohol iincreases the risk
* Oropharyngeal cancers presenting with neck masses are associated with
human papillomavirus (HPV)  infection
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |HPV testing may show HPV infection
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |FNA of neck mass followed by biopsy is done to diagnose laryngeal cancer. It  show type cancerous cells.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* CT, MRI and PET are used to see local infiltration by cancer and also distant metastases.
* Panendoscopy is done to see extent of the tumor.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Laryngoscopy and biopsy
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Arteriovenous fistula
<ref name="pmid26972281">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guneyli S, Cinar C, Bozkaya H, Korkmaz M, Oran I |title=Endovascular management of congenital arteriovenous fistulae in the neck |journal=Diagn Interv Imaging |volume=97 |issue=9 |pages=871–5 |date=September 2016 |pmid=26972281 |doi=10.1016/j.diii.2015.08.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8264877">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gobin YP, Garcia de la Fuente JA, Herbreteau D, Houdart E, Merland JJ |title=Endovascular treatment of external carotid-jugular fistulae in the parotid region |journal=Neurosurgery |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=812–6 |date=November 1993 |pmid=8264877 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Benign/Malignnat
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Depends on the risk factors
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Expanding neck mass
* Headaches
* Dizziness
* Neurological sequels
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Pulsating neck mass
* Bruit
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Intact overlying skin with normal color and texture
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |May be associated with vasculopathies and metastatic invasion of vessels and neck surgery.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Varies depending on the etiology
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | MR angiography may be used to visualize the tract
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | MR angiography
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Thyroid mass causes|Thyroid nodule]]/ [[Goiter]]
<ref name="pmid7606997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Madjar S, Weissberg D |title=Retrosternal goiter |journal=Chest |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=78–82 |date=July 1995 |pmid=7606997 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11893102">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hedayati N, McHenry CR |title=The clinical presentation and operative management of nodular and diffuse substernal thyroid disease |journal=Am Surg |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=245–51; discussion 251–2 |date=March 2002 |pmid=11893102 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23145396">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hughes K, Eastman C |title=Goitre - causes, investigation and management |journal=Aust Fam Physician |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=572–6 |date=August 2012 |pmid=23145396 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10972051">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hermus AR, Huysmans DA |title=[Diagnosis and therapy of patients with euthyroid goiter] |language=Dutch; Flemish |journal=Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd |volume=144 |issue=34 |pages=1623–7 |date=August 2000 |pmid=10972051 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Benign/ Malignant
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Female predominance
* Young age (benign causes)
* Old age (malignant etiology)
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Growing painless neck mass in front of neck


* Weight loss
==Managemnet of Congenital melanocytic Nevi==


* Palpitation
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-melanocytic-nevi?search=melanocytic%20nevus%20pathophysiology&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H2&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~44&display_rank=1#H2


* Hoarseness
MANAGEMENT
* Irratibility


| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
Small/medium CMN — Small and medium-sized CMN are managed on an individual basis depending on factors that affect ease of monitoring (eg, color, thickness/topography, and location), clinical history, parents' anxiety, and cosmetic concerns [4]. As an example, a multinodular black CMN on the scalp that is partially obscured by dense hair growth would be difficult to follow clinically, whereas a thin light brown lesion on the face would be relatively simple to observe. However, the latter might be removed for cosmetic reasons, and the former may spontaneously lighten during childhood.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Painless non-tender and asymmetrical neck mass in front of neck with smooth overlying skin and nodular surface
* depending on the type may be mobile or adherent to the underlying structure
* Lymphadenopathy in case of malignant features


| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Intact
Periodic evaluation of small- and medium-sized CMN is most important after puberty, since the risk of melanoma arising within these lesions during childhood is extremely low. Baseline photographs can be helpful, and dermoscopy represents a useful tool for assessing changes. (See "Dermoscopic evaluation of skin lesions".)
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Goiter is most commonly associated with iodine deficiency
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Normal to low TSH levels in case of malignancy


* High TSH levels in case of goiter
Patients and parents should be instructed to perform skin self-examinations and to bring focal changes in color, border, or topography (eg, a red or black papule, nodule, or crust) to the clinician's attention. (See "Screening and early detection of melanoma in adults and adolescents", section on 'Patient self-examination'.)
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |FNA is done in case of goiter and core biopsy is performed if malignancy is suspected.


| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | USG: Shows nodular or non- nodular lesions in Thyroid. US is better than CT.
Large CMN — Early surgical removal is often desired for large CMN because of their cosmetic and psychosocial sequelae and concern for possible malignant transformation. Complete excision is difficult to achieve; however, resection of bulky and cumbersome portions of large CMN can be beneficial for some patients. Elimination of every nevus cell may be impossible because of the large area of skin affected, the anatomic site (eg, distal extremity, periocular area, genitalia), and involvement of deeper structures (eg, fat, fascia, muscle). Even theoretically complete surgical excision cannot completely eliminate future risk of melanoma, as some melanomas in these patients may develop in the CNS or retroperitoneum. In many cases, close clinical observation with no surgical removal of the lesion is a reasonable choice.


Thyroid radionuclide imaging: Shows radioiodine uptake and is usually cold in case of malignancy and may be cold or hot in case of goiter.
Factors that affect the decision to perform surgery as well as to determine the timing of surgery include the size and location of the large CMN, the technical difficulty of the procedure(s) required, and anesthesia options. When possible, complete removal of large CMN usually necessitates staged excision with the use of tissue expanders and, occasionally, skin grafting [45].
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Biopsy and histopathology of nodules
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Category
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Benign
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Demography
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pain
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysphagia
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Mass exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Skin changes
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |LAP
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab findings
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histopathology
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard diagnosis
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings
|}


===References===
When surgical excision is not feasible, cosmetic benefit may potentially be obtained from procedures such as curettage, dermabrasion, and ablative laser therapy (eg, carbon dioxide or erbium:yttrium aluminum garnet lasers, sometimes combined with pigment-directed lasers). During the neonatal period, there is a lower risk of excessive scarring following such interventions, and nevus cells are more accessible because they are concentrated in the upper dermis [46,47]. Curettage can be performed during the first two weeks of life, taking advantage of a cleavage plane between the upper and mid-dermis exclusive to neonatal skin. However, nevus cells remain in the dermis after all of these procedures, as evidenced by frequent repigmentation as well as several reports of the subsequent development of melanoma in treated areas [48-52]. This underscores the need for lifelong clinical observation.
{{reflist|2}}


{|
Regardless of the treatments employed, patients with large CMN (or scars after their excision) should be followed with periodic skin and general physical examinations. Palpation of the nevus and/or scars is essential for detection of focal induration. Histologic evaluation is indicated for firm nodules or indurated areas. Even theoretically complete removal of a large CMN does not eliminate the risk of melanoma, since melanoma of the CNS and other visceral primary sites (eg, the retroperitoneum) may still occur [53].
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>Diseases</small>
| colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''<small>Clinical manifestations</small>'''
! colspan="5" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>Para-clinical findings</small>
| rowspan="4" |<small>'''Pap Smear'''</small>
! rowspan="4" |<small>Histopathology</small>
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''<small>Gold standard</small>'''
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>Additional findings</small>
|-
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''<small>Symptoms</small>'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>Physical examination</small>
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>Lab Findings</small>
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>Imaging</small>
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>Menorrhagia</small>


! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>Post Menstrual</small>
Proliferative nodules that develop within large CMN during infancy can have histologic features of melanoma yet behave in a benign manner. Techniques such as comparative genomic hybridization can help to distinguish proliferative nodules (usually having no chromosomal aberrations or only numeric changes) from melanoma (typically demonstrating gains/losses of chromosomal fragments) [40]. Mass spectroscopy imaging proteomic analysis may also help differentiate proliferative nodules from melanoma [29]. (See 'Proliferative nodules' above.)
<small>Bleeding</small>
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>Pelvic P</small><small>ain</small>
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>Other</small>
<small>symptoms</small>
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>Pelvic examination</small>
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>Abdominal examination</small>
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>Hb</small>
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>B-HCG</small>
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>CEA-19</small>
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>Ultrasound</small>
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<small>MRI</small>
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<small>[[Uterine cancer|Endometrial]]</small> <small>[[Uterine cancer|cancer]]</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Uterine sarcoma|<small>Uterine</small>]]
[[Uterine sarcoma|<small>sarcoma</small>]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+/-</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Lymphoma|<small>Uterine</small>]]
[[Lymphoma|<small>lymphoma</small>]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+/-</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+/-</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]


<small>or</small>
Surveillance for neurocutaneous melanosis — Patients with a large CMN plus multiple (especially >20) satellite nevi or with multiple medium-sized CMN are at risk for NCM and should be followed with serial head circumference measurements, neurologic examinations, and developmental assessments [3,37,39]. This monitoring includes evaluation for signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, mass lesions, and spinal cord compression [3,39].


<small>N</small>
Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain and spine should be performed in any high-risk patient exhibiting neurologic symptoms, and we suggest that asymptomatic high-risk patients also be screened for NCM with gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the brain and spine, ideally during the first six months of life before myelination, which may obscure evidence of melanosis [42]. For very young infants, it may be possible to obtain initial high-quality MRI images without general anesthesia using "feed and wrap" techniques that allow a swaddled infant to sleep during the imaging procedure [54].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<small>Uterine</small> <small>[[leiomyoma]]</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+/-</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+/-</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]


<small>or</small>
Given the poor prognosis, aggressive surgical procedures for CMN removal should be postponed in patients with symptomatic NCM. NCM in an asymptomatic patient does not necessarily preclude skin surgery.


<small>N</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<small>Malignant</small> <small>mixed</small>


<small>Mullerian</small>


<small>tumour</small>


<small>(MMMT)</small>


<small>of the uterus</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+/-</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+/-</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<small>[[Cervical cancer|Cervical]]</small> <small>[[Cervical cancer|cancer]]</small>
<small>with</small>


<small>uterine</small>
<small>invasion</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<small>[[Metastasis]]</small> <small>to the</small> <small>uterus</small> <small>from a</small>
<small>non-gynaecologcial</small>
<small>malignancy</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endometrial polyp|<small>Endometrial</small>]]
[[Endometrial polyp|<small>polyp</small>]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
<small>or</small>
<small>N</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endometrial hyperplasia|<small>Endometrial</small>]]
[[Endometrial hyperplasia|<small>hyperpalsia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Adenomyoma|<small>Uterine</small>]]
[[Adenomyoma|<small>adenomyoma</small>]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>-</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>-</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hematometra|<small>Hematometra</small>]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>-</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>-</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia|↓]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hematometra|<small></small>]]<small>[[Gestational trophoblastic disease|Gestational]]</small>
[[Hematometra|<small></small>]]
[[Hematometra|<small></small>]]<small>[[Gestational trophoblastic disease|trophoblastic]]</small>
[[Hematometra|<small></small>]]<small>[[Gestational trophoblastic disease|disease]]</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hematometra|<small></small>]]<small>[[Retained products of conception|Incomplete]]</small>
[[Hematometra|<small></small>]]<small>[[Retained products of conception|abortion]]</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<small>[[Fetus]]</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>No</small>
<small>Menstrual cycle</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<small>+/-</small>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hematometra|<small></small>]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
|}


{|
{|
Line 1,896: Line 67:
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging 3
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging 3
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<small>[[Uterine cancer]]</small>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Uterine sarcoma|<small>Uterine sarcoma</small>]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Infection
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
Line 1,964: Line 135:
!Additional findings
!Additional findings
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Abscess'''
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Septic emboli'''
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Fungi'''
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |

Latest revision as of 16:22, 17 May 2019


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Qurrat-ul-ain Abid, M.D.[2]


Managemnet of Congenital melanocytic Nevi

https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-melanocytic-nevi?search=melanocytic%20nevus%20pathophysiology&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H2&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~44&display_rank=1#H2

MANAGEMENT

Small/medium CMN — Small and medium-sized CMN are managed on an individual basis depending on factors that affect ease of monitoring (eg, color, thickness/topography, and location), clinical history, parents' anxiety, and cosmetic concerns [4]. As an example, a multinodular black CMN on the scalp that is partially obscured by dense hair growth would be difficult to follow clinically, whereas a thin light brown lesion on the face would be relatively simple to observe. However, the latter might be removed for cosmetic reasons, and the former may spontaneously lighten during childhood.

Periodic evaluation of small- and medium-sized CMN is most important after puberty, since the risk of melanoma arising within these lesions during childhood is extremely low. Baseline photographs can be helpful, and dermoscopy represents a useful tool for assessing changes. (See "Dermoscopic evaluation of skin lesions".)

Patients and parents should be instructed to perform skin self-examinations and to bring focal changes in color, border, or topography (eg, a red or black papule, nodule, or crust) to the clinician's attention. (See "Screening and early detection of melanoma in adults and adolescents", section on 'Patient self-examination'.)

Large CMN — Early surgical removal is often desired for large CMN because of their cosmetic and psychosocial sequelae and concern for possible malignant transformation. Complete excision is difficult to achieve; however, resection of bulky and cumbersome portions of large CMN can be beneficial for some patients. Elimination of every nevus cell may be impossible because of the large area of skin affected, the anatomic site (eg, distal extremity, periocular area, genitalia), and involvement of deeper structures (eg, fat, fascia, muscle). Even theoretically complete surgical excision cannot completely eliminate future risk of melanoma, as some melanomas in these patients may develop in the CNS or retroperitoneum. In many cases, close clinical observation with no surgical removal of the lesion is a reasonable choice.

Factors that affect the decision to perform surgery as well as to determine the timing of surgery include the size and location of the large CMN, the technical difficulty of the procedure(s) required, and anesthesia options. When possible, complete removal of large CMN usually necessitates staged excision with the use of tissue expanders and, occasionally, skin grafting [45].

When surgical excision is not feasible, cosmetic benefit may potentially be obtained from procedures such as curettage, dermabrasion, and ablative laser therapy (eg, carbon dioxide or erbium:yttrium aluminum garnet lasers, sometimes combined with pigment-directed lasers). During the neonatal period, there is a lower risk of excessive scarring following such interventions, and nevus cells are more accessible because they are concentrated in the upper dermis [46,47]. Curettage can be performed during the first two weeks of life, taking advantage of a cleavage plane between the upper and mid-dermis exclusive to neonatal skin. However, nevus cells remain in the dermis after all of these procedures, as evidenced by frequent repigmentation as well as several reports of the subsequent development of melanoma in treated areas [48-52]. This underscores the need for lifelong clinical observation.

Regardless of the treatments employed, patients with large CMN (or scars after their excision) should be followed with periodic skin and general physical examinations. Palpation of the nevus and/or scars is essential for detection of focal induration. Histologic evaluation is indicated for firm nodules or indurated areas. Even theoretically complete removal of a large CMN does not eliminate the risk of melanoma, since melanoma of the CNS and other visceral primary sites (eg, the retroperitoneum) may still occur [53].

Proliferative nodules that develop within large CMN during infancy can have histologic features of melanoma yet behave in a benign manner. Techniques such as comparative genomic hybridization can help to distinguish proliferative nodules (usually having no chromosomal aberrations or only numeric changes) from melanoma (typically demonstrating gains/losses of chromosomal fragments) [40]. Mass spectroscopy imaging proteomic analysis may also help differentiate proliferative nodules from melanoma [29]. (See 'Proliferative nodules' above.)

Surveillance for neurocutaneous melanosis — Patients with a large CMN plus multiple (especially >20) satellite nevi or with multiple medium-sized CMN are at risk for NCM and should be followed with serial head circumference measurements, neurologic examinations, and developmental assessments [3,37,39]. This monitoring includes evaluation for signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, mass lesions, and spinal cord compression [3,39].

Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain and spine should be performed in any high-risk patient exhibiting neurologic symptoms, and we suggest that asymptomatic high-risk patients also be screened for NCM with gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the brain and spine, ideally during the first six months of life before myelination, which may obscure evidence of melanosis [42]. For very young infants, it may be possible to obtain initial high-quality MRI images without general anesthesia using "feed and wrap" techniques that allow a swaddled infant to sleep during the imaging procedure [54].

Given the poor prognosis, aggressive surgical procedures for CMN removal should be postponed in patients with symptomatic NCM. NCM in an asymptomatic patient does not necessarily preclude skin surgery.




Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Additional findings
Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging Histopathology
Symptom 1 Symptom 2 Symptom 3 Physical exam 1 Physical exam 2 Physical exam 3 Lab 1 Lab 2 Lab 3 Imaging 1 Imaging 2 Imaging 3
Diseases Symptom 1 Symptom 2 Symptom 3 Physical exam 1 Physical exam 2 Physical exam 3 Lab 1 Lab 2 Lab 3 Imaging 1 Imaging 2 Imaging 3 Histopathology Gold standard Additional findings
Differential Diagnosis 1
Differential Diagnosis 2
Differential Diagnosis 3
Diseases Symptom 1 Symptom 2 Symptom 3 Physical exam 1 Physical exam 2 Physical exam 3 Lab 1 Lab 2 Lab 3 Imaging 1 Imaging 2 Imaging 3 Histopathology Gold standard Additional findings
Differential Diagnosis 4
Differential Diagnosis 5
Differential Diagnosis 6

Table for Differential Diagnosis of Small Intestine Cancer

ABBREVIATIONS:

N/A: Not available, NL: Normal,

References