Esophageal cancer screening: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Screening may be effective in reducing the incidence of esophageal cancer, especially with Barrett's esophagus-associated adenocarcinoma, however, not very cost effective.
Screening  for esophageal cancer has not been established. Screening may be effective in reducing the [[incidence]] of esophageal adenocarcinoma, especially in Barrett's esophagus, but is left at the physician's discretion.


==Screening==
==Screening==


===Adenocarcinoma screening===
===Adenocarcinoma screening===
 
*The predominant type of esophageal cancer in the United States is [[adenocarcinoma]].<ref name="pmid26185366">{{cite journal |vauthors=Domper Arnal MJ, Ferrández Arenas Á, Lanas Arbeloa Á |title=Esophageal cancer: Risk factors, screening and endoscopic treatment in Western and Eastern countries |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=21 |issue=26 |pages=7933–43 |year=2015 |pmid=26185366 |pmc=4499337 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i26.7933 |url=}}</ref>  
*The predominant type of esophageal cancer in the United States is adenocarcinoma.
*Since there is a lack of data that records esophageal [[adenocarcinoma]] mortality rates, screening is not indicated and is left at the physician's discretion.
*Under current guidelines, random endoscopic biopsies are taken in all 4 quadrants with a high resolution endoscope.
*Patients diagnosed with [[Barrett's esophagus]] have a higher risk for esophageal [[adenocarcinoma]].
*Dysplasia within lesions of Barrett's esophagus indicates a marked increase in cancer risk.
*Screening is therefore recommended for those diagnosed by [[endoscopy]] and [[biopsy]] for [[Barrett's esophagus]].
*It should be noted that those who presented with adenocarcinoma demonstrated no  prior Barrett's esophagus in 80 - 90% of the time.
*Early screening can detect [[Dysplasia|dysplasias]] and treatment can be implemented to prevent the incidence of esophageal cancer.
*Most dysplastic changes were found in 50 year old white men.
*It should also be noted that those who present with [[adenocarcinoma]] demonstrate no prior [[Barrett's esophagus]] in 80 - 90% of the time.
*In one study, the authors concluded that the only cost-effective strategy was once in a lifetime screening of 50-year-old white men with GERD, followed by surveillance of those with dysplasia only.<ref name="pmid26185366">{{cite journal |vauthors=Domper Arnal MJ, Ferrández Arenas Á, Lanas Arbeloa Á |title=Esophageal cancer: Risk factors, screening and endoscopic treatment in Western and Eastern countries |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=21 |issue=26 |pages=7933–43 |year=2015 |pmid=26185366 |pmc=4499337 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i26.7933 |url=}}</ref>


===Squamous cell carcinoma screening===
===Squamous cell carcinoma screening===
 
*Screening for [[squamous cell carcinoma]] is discouraged in the US because esophageal [[squamous cell carcinoma]] carries a very low incidence.<ref name="pmid18341497">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang KK, Sampliner RE |title=Updated guidelines 2008 for the diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett's esophagus |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=788–97 |year=2008 |pmid=18341497 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01835.x |url=}}</ref>
*Since this histological type of esophageal cancer exists in the more underdeveloped countries, there is no reliable data to suggest that screening programs are effective when implemented.
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma]] of the esophagus is more prevalent in underdeveloped countries.
*However, in China, esophageal cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of death from cancer, the incidence of which is about 287,000 new cases and 211,000 deaths in 2012. A screening program has been put into effect where those with mild to moderate dysplasia are examined via endoscopy every 3 years, whilst those with severe dysplasia are screened once per year. Therefore, high risk populations may be of benefit in reducing the incidence of esophageal cancer.
*Screening programs are not yet established worldwide.<ref name="pmid3219974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin PZ, Zhang JS, Cao SG, Rong ZP, Gao RQ, Han R, Shu SP |title=[Secondary prevention of esophageal cancer--intervention on precancerous lesions of the esophagus] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=161–6 |year=1988 |pmid=3219974 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**In 1983, a study was carried out in Hishun village, China.  
**A screening program in a high risk population was established in Hishun village, China.
**Due to different dietary factors, the incidence of esophageal cancer amongst these people was particularly high.
**Those with mild to moderate [[dysplasia]] were examined via endoscopy every 3 years, whilst those with severe [[dysplasia]] were screened once per year.
**6758 subjects were examined by esophageal exfoliative cytology, 1729 had marked dysplasia and 2411 had mild dysplasia of esophageal epithelium.  
**All the patients were concomitantly treated with [[monoclonal antibodies]] for the next three years.
**Those with marked dysplasia were randomly divided into 3 groups and given: antitumor B (Chinese herbs); retinamide (4-Ethoxycarbophenylretinamide) and placebo.  
**At the end of three year [[Monoclonal antibodies|monoclonal antibody]] trial, the incidence rate of esophageal [[squamous cell carcinoma]] had decreased by 57% in comparison to previous incidence rates.
**The subjects with mild dysplasia were randomly divided  into 2 groups for treatment with riboflavin and placebo.  
**These results demonstrated that screening for [[Dysplasia|dysplastic]] changes in the esophagus is effective in the prevention of esophageal [[squamous cell carcinoma]].
**They took their respective treatments for 3 years and were then reexamined using cytology.  
**The incidence of esophageal cancer in the antitumor B group was reduced by 53% as compared with that of the placebo group (8.3%).
**The incidence of esophageal cancer in retinamide and riboflavin groups were reduced by 33.7% and 19% as compared with those of the control groups.
**These results demonstrated that the secondary prevention of esophageal cancer is effective in the prevention of esophageal cancer.<ref name="pmid3219974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin PZ, Zhang JS, Cao SG, Rong ZP, Gao RQ, Han R, Shu SP |title=[Secondary prevention of esophageal cancer--intervention on precancerous lesions of the esophagus] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=161–6 |year=1988 |pmid=3219974 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 16:04, 5 January 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Overview

Screening for esophageal cancer has not been established. Screening may be effective in reducing the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, especially in Barrett's esophagus, but is left at the physician's discretion.

Screening

Adenocarcinoma screening

Squamous cell carcinoma screening

References

  1. Domper Arnal MJ, Ferrández Arenas Á, Lanas Arbeloa Á (2015). "Esophageal cancer: Risk factors, screening and endoscopic treatment in Western and Eastern countries". World J. Gastroenterol. 21 (26): 7933–43. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i26.7933. PMC 4499337. PMID 26185366.
  2. Wang KK, Sampliner RE (2008). "Updated guidelines 2008 for the diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett's esophagus". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103 (3): 788–97. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01835.x. PMID 18341497.
  3. Lin PZ, Zhang JS, Cao SG, Rong ZP, Gao RQ, Han R, Shu SP (1988). "[Secondary prevention of esophageal cancer--intervention on precancerous lesions of the esophagus]". Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi (in Chinese). 10 (3): 161–6. PMID 3219974.


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