Property:AnswerBExp
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Frontal lobe lesions usually cause visual field defects by compression the optic tracts or the optic nerve causing unilateral anopia. Frontal lesions can also affect the frontal eye fields involved in eye movements, such as voluntary saccades and pursuit. Frontal lobe lesions do not usually cause quadrantanopia. +
This refers to vesicle release into the synaptic cleft. The most commonly referred inhibitor of vesicle release is botulinum toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine containing vesicles leading to flaccid paralysis. +
This patient exhibits the typical features of schizoid personality disorder. The patient neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, and almost always chooses solitary activities. Other features include anhedonia, intimacy avoidance, and restricted affectivity. +
A defense mechanism characterized by kindness and generosity towards other to relieve a guilty conscience. This defense mechanism is not usually a feature of borderline personality disorder. +
GABA release from the GPi is reduced following the reduction in subthalamic excitability. +
Peptic strictures may be a complication of long-standing EoE. Nonetheless, the patient's biopsy is characteristic of EoE. +
Parkinson's disease is characterized by Lewy bodies that are different than those observed in DLB. Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease are found in the pigmented brainstem nuclei and are sharply demarcated by a surrounding halo. They typically contain a radial filamentous substructure. +
Benzodiazepines are contraindicated in acute angle glaucoma. They should be used with caution among patients with open-angle glaucoma. +
Classic galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the absence of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase enzyme and subsequent shunting of the galactose metabolism pathway towards the formation of galactitol. Classic galactosemia is associated with development of infantile cataracts, which is unusual among elderly patients. +
Ruffini corpuscle is a cigar-shaped encapsulated collagenous group of fibers with longitudinal strands that contain primary afferent fiber branches sensitive to skin stretch. It singals the direction and force of the stretch. It is also characterized by slow adaptation. +
Incorrect. Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of inflammatory conditions affecting mainly the colon and the small intestine. The major types of IBD are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Symptoms include: abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, severe internal cramps/muscle spasms in the region of the pelvis and weight loss. Anemia is the most prevalent extra-intestinal complication of inflammatory bowel disease. Other extra-intestinal manifestations include: arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS).
Diagnosis is generally by assessment of inflammatory markers in stool followed by colonoscopy with biopsy of pathological lesions. Treatment is with mesalazine, prednisone, TNF inhibitors (e.g., etanercept), azathioprine, methotrexate, or 6-mercaptopurine. +
Correct. Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric eating disorder characterized by abnormal eating behavior, severe self-induced weight loss, and psychiatric co-morbidities +