Property:AnswerEExp
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Cauda equina syndrome is caused by the compression of the nerve roots that leave the lumbosacral spinal cord in the cauda equina. These patients typically have saddle anesthesia, bowel/bladder dysfunction and sciatica-like pain. The imaging in this patient demonstrates a lesion in the thoracic vertebrae. The lumbosacral spine is not pictured. +
A 23% saline bolus would be the best option in this case. The saline bolus can help to increase the osmalirty of the serum, which can then draw blood out of the brain. +
Diabetic nephropathy is a common microvascular complication in advanced diabetes mellitus. Renal biopsy under light microscopy would reveal characteristic eosinophilic nodules in the glomerular tuft called “Kimmelsteil-Wilson” lesion. Chronic hypercalcemia causes non-enzymation glycosylation (glycation) of proteins. +
This number could be achieved by dividing the renal creatinine concentration by the serum creatinine concentration. However, this measure does not reflect any normal physiologic parameter. +
Phosphodiesterase 5 converts cyclic GMP to 5'-GMP. Cyclic GMP activates protein kinase G and causes vasodilation. +
Verapamil is a non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB). Non-dihydropyridine CCBs are typically associated with constipation and GI distress. +
The "high salt" hypothesis suggests that patients with CF have a reduced transepithelial chloride conductance of the airway cells, which results in high salt concentrations in the surface liquid of the airways. Pulmonary manifestations of CF, including airway plugging and recurrent pulmonary infections, are often evident during early childhood. +
Vinca alkaloids block cells in mitosis. Vincristine binds specifically to beta-tubulin, thereby blocking the polymerization of beta-tubulin with alpha-tubulin into microtubules. Vincristine does not stabilize the microtubule but rather inhibits its assembly. +
A VIPoma is an endocrine tumor usually originating from non-beta islet cells of the pancreas that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).The massive amounts of VIP cause profound, chronic watery diarrhea and dehydration, hypokalemia, achlorhydria, vasodilation, hypercalcemia and hyperglycemia. VIPoma may be associated with type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia. +
For mild-to-moderate PCP, alternative therapeutic regimens include either dapsone plus TMP, primaquine plus clindamycin, or atovaquone. Common triggers of hemolytic anemia include sulfonamides and other drugs such as chloroquine, isoniazid, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, and primaquine. +
Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis is a type of arteriolosclerosis involving a narrowed lumen that may result from malignant hypertension. Thickened concentric smooth muscle cell layer and duplicated basement membrane on histopathological analysis is often termed onion-skin appearance. These changes are most prominent in the kidney and can lead to ischemia and acute kidney injury. +
Coronary artery dissection is most likely associated with percutaneous coronary interventions and is a rare cause of acute coronary syndrome and sudden death. +
Hepatocytes are involved in protein synthesis, protein storage, transformation of carbohydrates, synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids, and detoxification, modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances. +