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Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent whose active form irreversibly cross-links DNA to cause cell death. Major adverse events associated with prolonged cyclophosphamide administration are bladder cancer and hemorrhagic cystitis, both of which may be preventable with the administration of mesna. Cyclophosphamide acts in a cell-cycle-independent fashion and so would not be expected to cause cells to accumulate with doubled DNA content in M-phase. +
Carmustine is a derivative of mustard gas that acts as a chemotherapeutic agent by forming inter-strand cross-links in DNA, thereby preventing DNA replication and DNA transcription. +
Small cell lung carcinoma is an aggressive neuroendocrine lung tumor that demonstrates small dark blue cells on biopsy. Hydroxyurea is not indicated for small cell lung carcinoma. +
Mesna binds to a urotoxic metabolite of cyclophosphamide (acrolein) in the bladder and prevents hemorrhagic cystitis and risk of bladder cancer associated with cyclophosphamide. +
HCC may be secondary to chronic viral hepatitis and/or cirrhosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not treated with imatinib. +
Sirolimus inhibits MTOR. It is indicated for immunosuppression (eg. renal transplant recipients). It may also be used in drug-eluting stents used in interventional cardiology. +
This is not the correct set of lab results because in patients with POF, ovarian hormones are decreased, while pituitary hormones are increased due to an absence of feedback inhibition. +
Uterine bleeding is not a very common cause of mortality in patients with HELLP syndrome. Uterine atony is a common cause of uterine bleeding post-delivery that may be associated with mortality. +
The portal triad, which includes the hepatic artery, portal vein, and common bile duct, is contained in the hepatoduodenal ligament. The ligament connects the liver to the duodenum. +
Patients with tropical sprue do not typically have inflammation exclusive to the jejunum. Patients with celiac disease, however, usually experience inflammation of the distal duodenum or the proximal jejunum. +
Hemorrhoids may be observed among patients with portal hypertension due to back-up of blood flow in the portal circulation. +
Ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) is a gene located on chromosome 4q24. Mutations involving this gene are found in myeloid malignancies including myelodysplastic syndromes, CML, AML. It is not a prognostic indicator in ALL. +
''Coccidioides immitis'' is a dimorphic fungus that forms characteristic spherules with endospores inside host tissues. +
''Blastomyces dermatitidis'' forms hyphae with nondescript conidia. The tissue form is a broad-based budding yeast. +
Septate hyphae branching dichotomously at acute angles describe ''Aspergillus fumigatus''. +
Anti-dsDNA antibodies are very specific for SLE and are therefore used in the diagnosis of SLE. However, they are not the most common type of autoantibodies associated with NL +