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Endoscopy is the first investigation of choice in case of Mallory-Weiss syndrome, however in unstable patients fluid resuscitation is the first priority. +
Primary sclerosing cholangitis is characterized by the presence of concentric periductal fibrosis showing an "onion skin" appearance. ERCP reveals a "beading" appearance of the biliary tracts due to the presence of strictures and dilatations in the bile duct. +
Total peripheral resistance increases in cardiogenic shock. Recall that blood pressure = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance. When the cardiac output decreases, the vasculature increases its tone to increase the blood pressure. This increase in vascular tone increases the peripheral resistance. +
Chronic granulomatous inflammation (chronic cystitis) is the primary etiology behind squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder due to S. haematobium +
The patient is presenting with acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency that manifests with symptoms similar to hereditary angioedema. +
Eculizumab is a monoclonal antibody against complement protein C5 that is currently used to treat PNH. +
Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE-mediated reaction in which an antigen crosslinks two IgE antibody molecules on pre-sensitized mast cells. Subsequently, mast cells release histamines, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. Anaphylaxis is an example of type I hypersensitivity. +
Radiation induced fibrosis presents as shortness of breath and persists up to 6-24 months after treatment. It is unlikely that dyspnoea because of radiation induced fibrosis presents 20 years after the treatment. +