View source for Prostaglandin D2 synthase

{{Infobox gene}}
'''Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase''' ('''PTGDS''') is an [[enzyme]] that in humans is encoded by the ''PTGDS'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid1902577">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nagata A, Suzuki Y, Igarashi M, Eguchi N, Toh H, Urade Y, Hayaishi O | title = Human brain prostaglandin D synthase has been evolutionarily differentiated from lipophilic-ligand carrier proteins | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 88 | issue = 9 | pages = 4020–4 | date = May 1991 | pmid = 1902577 | pmc = 51585 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.88.9.4020 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PTGDS prostaglandin D2 synthase 21kDa (brain)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5730| accessdate = }}</ref>

== Function ==

The protein encoded by this gene is a glutathione-independent prostaglandin D synthase that catalyzes the conversion of [[prostaglandin H2]] (PGH<sub>2</sub>) to [[prostaglandin D2]] (PGD<sub>2</sub>). PGD<sub>2</sub> functions as a neuromodulator as well as a trophic factor in the central nervous system. PGD<sub>2</sub> is also involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. This gene is preferentially expressed in brain. Studies with transgenic mice over-expressing this gene suggest that this gene may be also involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep.<ref name="entrez"/> Furthermore, PTGDS and its product PGD<sub>2</sub> are elevated in the bald-scalp areas of men with male pattern baldness ([[androgenetic alopecia]]).<ref name=Garza_et_al_2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garza LA, Liu Y, Yang Z, Alagesan B, Lawson JA, Norberg SM, Loy DE, Zhao T, Blatt HB, Stanton DC, Carrasco L, Ahluwalia G, Fischer SM, FitzGerald GA, Cotsarelis G | title = Prostaglandin D2 inhibits hair growth and is elevated in bald scalp of men with androgenetic alopecia | journal = Science Translational Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 126 | pages = 126ra34 | date = Mar 2012 | pmid = 22440736 | pmc = 3319975 | doi = 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003122 | url = http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/4/126/126ra34 }}</ref>

== Clinical use ==

Prostaglandin D<sub>2</sub> synthase is used clinically as a diagnostic marker for [[cerebrospinal fluid leak|liquorrhea]], that is, to check whether fluid leaking from the nose or ear contains [[cerebrospinal fluid]].<ref name="pmid11841726">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bachmann G, Petereit H, Djenabi U, Michel O | title = Predictive values of beta-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) by use of laser-nephelometry assay for the identification of cerebrospinal fluid | journal = Neurosurgery | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 571–6; discussion 576–7 | date = Mar 2002 | pmid = 11841726 | doi = 10.1227/00006123-200203000-00027 }}</ref> This is important in the assessment of [[head trauma]] severity. In a medical context, the older term "beta-trace protein" is frequently used to refer to PTGDS.

== See also ==
* [[PGDS|Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = White DM, Mikol DD, Espinosa R, Weimer B, Le Beau MM, Stefansson K | title = Structure and chromosomal localization of the human gene for a brain form of prostaglandin D2 synthase | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 267 | issue = 32 | pages = 23202–8 | date = Nov 1992 | pmid = 1385416 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kuruvilla AP, Hochwald GM, Ghiso J, Castaño EM, Pizzolato M, Frangione B | title = Isolation and amino terminal sequence of beta-trace, a novel protein from human cerebrospinal fluid | journal = Brain Research | volume = 565 | issue = 2 | pages = 337–40 | date = Nov 1991 | pmid = 1726844 | doi = 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91666-O }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zahn M, Mäder M, Schmidt B, Bollensen E, Felgenhauer K | title = Purification and N-terminal sequence of beta-trace, a protein abundant in human cerebrospinal fluid | journal = Neuroscience Letters | volume = 154 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 93–5 | date = May 1993 | pmid = 7689714 | doi = 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90179-O }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Harrington MG, Aebersold R, Martin BM, Merril CR, Hood L | title = Identification of a brain-specific human cerebrospinal fluid glycoprotein, beta-trace protein | journal = Applied and Theoretical Electrophoresis | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | pages = 229–34 | year = 1993 | pmid = 7692978 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bastien L, Sawyer N, Grygorczyk R, Metters KM, Adam M | title = Cloning, functional expression, and characterization of the human prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 269 | issue = 16 | pages = 11873–7 | date = Apr 1994 | pmid = 8163486 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Funk CD, Furci L, FitzGerald GA, Grygorczyk R, Rochette C, Bayne MA, Abramovitz M, Adam M, Metters KM | title = Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostaglandin E receptor EP1 subtype | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 268 | issue = 35 | pages = 26767–72 | date = Dec 1993 | pmid = 8253813 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Abramovitz M, Boie Y, Nguyen T, Rushmore TH, Bayne MA, Metters KM, Slipetz DM, Grygorczyk R | title = Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostanoid FP receptor | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 269 | issue = 4 | pages = 2632–6 | date = Jan 1994 | pmid = 8300593 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffmann A, Conradt HS, Gross G, Nimtz M, Lottspeich F, Wurster U | title = Purification and chemical characterization of beta-trace protein from human cerebrospinal fluid: its identification as prostaglandin D synthase | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 451–6 | date = Aug 1993 | pmid = 8336134 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb02145.x }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Leone MG, Saso L, Del Vecchio A, Mo MY, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY | title = Micropurification of two human cerebrospinal fluid proteins by high performance electrophoresis chromatography | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 533–40 | date = Aug 1993 | pmid = 8336140 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb02156.x }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Giacomelli S, Leone MG, Grima J, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY | title = Astrocytes synthesize and secrete prostaglandin D synthetase in vitro | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1310 | issue = 3 | pages = 269–76 | date = Feb 1996 | pmid = 8599604 | doi = 10.1016/0167-4889(95)00182-4 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Blödorn B, Mäder M, Urade Y, Hayaishi O, Felgenhauer K, Brück W | title = Choroid plexus: the major site of mRNA expression for the beta-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) in human brain | journal = Neuroscience Letters | volume = 209 | issue = 2 | pages = 117–20 | date = May 1996 | pmid = 8761996 | doi = 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12614-8 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB | title = Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery | journal = Genome Research | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages = 791–806 | date = Sep 1996 | pmid = 8889548 | doi = 10.1101/gr.6.9.791 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yamashima T, Sakuda K, Tohma Y, Yamashita J, Oda H, Irikura D, Eguchi N, Beuckmann CT, Kanaoka Y, Urade Y, Hayaishi O | title = Prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in human arachnoid and meningioma cells: roles as a cell marker or in cerebrospinal fluid absorption, tumorigenesis, and calcification process | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 17 | issue = 7 | pages = 2376–82 | date = Apr 1997 | pmid = 9065498 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = White DM, Takeda T, DeGroot LJ, Stefansson K, Arnason BG | title = Beta-trace gene expression is regulated by a core promoter and a distal thyroid hormone response element | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 272 | issue = 22 | pages = 14387–93 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9162076 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.22.14387 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Eguchi Y, Eguchi N, Oda H, Seiki K, Kijima Y, Matsu-ura Y, Urade Y, Hayaishi O | title = Expression of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in human heart and its accumulation in the coronary circulation of angina patients | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 94 | issue = 26 | pages = 14689–94 | date = Dec 1997 | pmid = 9405674 | pmc = 25094 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14689 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tokugawa Y, Kunishige I, Kubota Y, Shimoya K, Nobunaga T, Kimura T, Saji F, Murata Y, Eguchi N, Oda H, Urade Y, Hayaishi O | title = Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in human male reproductive organs and seminal plasma | journal = Biology of Reproduction | volume = 58 | issue = 2 | pages = 600–7 | date = Feb 1998 | pmid = 9475419 | doi = 10.1095/biolreprod58.2.600 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Saso L, Leone MG, Sorrentino C, Giacomelli S, Silvestrini B, Grima J, Li JC, Samy E, Mruk D, Cheng CY | title = Quantification of prostaglandin D synthetase in cerebrospinal fluid: a potential marker for brain tumor | journal = Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International | volume = 46 | issue = 4 | pages = 643–56 | date = Nov 1998 | pmid = 9844724 | doi = 10.1080/15216549800204172 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Blödorn B, Brück W, Tumani H, Michel U, Rieckmann P, Althans N, Mäder M | title = Expression of the beta-trace protein in human pachymeninx as revealed by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry | journal = Journal of Neuroscience Research | volume = 57 | issue = 5 | pages = 730–4 | date = Sep 1999 | pmid = 10462696 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19990901)57:5<730::AID-JNR14>3.0.CO;2-7 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Pinzar E, Kanaoka Y, Inui T, Eguchi N, Urade Y, Hayaishi O | title = Prostaglandin D synthase gene is involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 97 | issue = 9 | pages = 4903–7 | date = Apr 2000 | pmid = 10781097 | pmc = 18330 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.090093997 }}
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{{Intramolecular oxidoreductases}}
{{Metabolism of complex lipids}}
{{Prostanoidergics}}


{{gene-9-stub}}

[[Category:Lipocalins]]