View source for Paraneoplastic syndrome

__NOTOC__
'''For patient information, click [[Paraneoplastic syndrome (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Paraneoplastic syndrome}}
{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}<br>
{{SK}} Paraneoplastic syndrome
==Overview==
'''Paraneoplastic syndromes''' are a rare type of [[diseases|disease]] that is caused by abnormal [[immune]] systems resulting from [[cancerous]] cells. Paraneoplastic syndromes are [[disorders]] due to the release of [[hormones]], or peptides that cause [[immune]] cross-reactivity between [[cancerous]] [[cells]] and normal [[tissues]]. Sometimes the [[symptoms]] of paraneoplastic syndromes show even before the [[diagnosis]] of a [[Malignant|malignancy]]. There is no [[screening]] for paraneoplastic syndromes. The stage and type of [[diagnosis]] of [[cancer]] determine the [[prognosis]] of a paraneoplastic syndrome. The [[causes]] are mostly related to the organ affected. The paraneoplastic syndromes are divided into four main categories such as [[musculocutaneous]], [[neurological]], [[hematological]] and [[Endocrine|endocrines]]. They are no cures for the paraneoplastic syndrome, but [[cancer]] treatment and some [[medications]] to reduce [[Autoimmunity|autoimmune]] responses are helpful.
==Classification==
* Paraneoplastic syndromes may be [[Classification|classified]] into 5 main categories accordingly:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |'''Type of paraneoplastic syndrome'''
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |'''Subtype'''
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |'''Associated Cancers'''
|-
| rowspan="5"  align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |[[Endocrine]] 
|
* [[Hypercalcemia]]<ref name="Stewart2005">{{cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=Andrew F.|title=Hypercalcemia Associated with Cancer|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=4|year=2005|pages=373–379|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp042806}}</ref>
|
* [[Breast cancer]] and [[lung cancer]] (typically [[Squamous cell carcinoma|squamous cell]]) due to the production of [[Parathyroid hormone-related protein|PTHrP]] ([[Parathyroid hormone]]-related [[protein]])[[multiple myeloma]], [[renal cell carcinoma]], [[ovarian cancer]], [[endometrial cancer]], and [[lymphoma]]

* 
|-
|
* [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone|SIADH]]<ref name="Raftopoulos2007">{{cite journal|last1=Raftopoulos|first1=Harry|title=Diagnosis and management of hyponatremia in cancer patients|journal=Supportive Care in Cancer|volume=15|issue=12|year=2007|pages=1341–1347|issn=0941-4355|doi=10.1007/s00520-007-0309-9}}</ref>
|
* [[Small cell lung cancer|Small-cell lung cancer]], [[mesothelioma]], [[breast]], [[prostate]], [[adrenal]], [[urethral]], [[thymoma]], [[lymphoma]], GI, CNS, and [[Ewing sarcoma]]

* 
|-
|
* [[Ectopic]] [[ACTH]] [[secretion]]<ref name="BarbosaRodien2005">{{cite journal|last1=Barbosa|first1=Sandrine Laboureau-Soares|last2=Rodien|first2=Patrice|last3=Leboulleux|first3=Sophie|last4=Niccoli-Sire|first4=Patricia|last5=Kraimps|first5=Jean-Louis|last6=Caron|first6=Philippe|last7=Archambeaud-Mouveroux|first7=Françoise|last8=Conte-Devolx|first8=Bernard|last9=Rohmer|first9=Vincent|title=Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Syndrome in Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid: A Retrospective Analysis and Review of the Literature|journal=Thyroid|volume=15|issue=6|year=2005|pages=618–623|issn=1050-7256|doi=10.1089/thy.2005.15.618}}</ref>
|
* [[Small cell lung cancer|Small-cell lung cancer]], [[carcinoid tumor]], [[thymoma]], [[medullary carcinoma of the thyroid]] and other [[Cancer|cancers]]
|-
|
* [[Tumor induced osteomalacia]]<ref name="FlorenzanoGafni2017">{{cite journal|last1=Florenzano|first1=Pablo|last2=Gafni|first2=Rachel I.|last3=Collins|first3=Michael T.|title=Tumor-induced osteomalacia|journal=Bone Reports|volume=7|year=2017|pages=90–97|issn=23521872|doi=10.1016/j.bonr.2017.09.002}}</ref>
|
* [[Metastatic]] [[breast cancer]]

* 
|-
|
* [[Hypoglycemia]]<ref name="NauckReinecke2007">{{cite journal|last1=Nauck|first1=Michael A.|last2=Reinecke|first2=Manfred|last3=Perren|first3=Aurel|last4=Frystyk|first4=Jan|last5=Berishvili|first5=Giorgi|last6=Zwimpfer|first6=Cornelia|last7=Figge|first7=Anja M.|last8=Flyvbjerg|first8=Allan|last9=Lankisch|first9=Paul G.|last10=Blum|first10=Werner F.|last11=Klöppel|first11=Günter|last12=Schmiegel|first12=Wolff|last13=Zapf|first13=Jürgen|title=Hypoglycemia due to Paraneoplastic Secretion of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in a Patient with Metastasizing Large-Cell Carcinoma of the Lung|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=92|issue=5|year=2007|pages=1600–1605|issn=0021-972X|doi=10.1210/jc.2006-2573}}</ref>
|
* [[Gastrointestinal tract|GI]] cancers, [[mesothelioma]], [[lung]], [[real cancer]], and [[sarcomas]]
|-
| rowspan="6"  align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |[[Mucocutaneous|Musculocutaneous]]
|
* [[Dermatomyositis]]<ref name="ThiersSahn2009">{{cite journal|last1=Thiers|first1=B. H.|last2=Sahn|first2=R. E.|last3=Callen|first3=J. P.|title=Cutaneous Manifestations of Internal Malignancy|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=59|issue=2|year=2009|pages=73–98|issn=0007-9235|doi=10.3322/caac.20005}}</ref>
|
* [[Breast cancer|Breast]], [[Ovarian cancer|ovarian]], [[Lung cancer|lung]], and [[prostate cancer]]

* 
|-
|
* [[Leser-Trelat sign|Leser-Trélat sign]]<ref name="GaduputiChandrala2014">{{cite journal|last1=Gaduputi|first1=Vinaya|last2=Chandrala|first2=Chaitanya|last3=Tariq|first3=Hassan|last4=Kanneganti|first4=Kalyan|title=Sign of Leser-Trélat Associated with Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer|journal=Case Reports in Oncological Medicine|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–3|issn=2090-6706|doi=10.1155/2014/825929}}</ref>
|
* Gastrointestinal [[adenocarcinomas]] ([[Gastric adenocarcinoma|gastric]], [[Colon adenocarcinoma|colon]], rectal), [[breast cancer]], [[lymphoproliferative disorders]]/[[lymphoma]], and [[melanoma]].

* 
|-
|
* [[Acanthosis nigricans]]<ref name="ThiersSahn2009">{{cite journal|last1=Thiers|first1=B. H.|last2=Sahn|first2=R. E.|last3=Callen|first3=J. P.|title=Cutaneous Manifestations of Internal Malignancy|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=59|issue=2|year=2009|pages=73–98|issn=0007-9235|doi=10.3322/caac.20005}}</ref>
|
* [[Gastric adenocarcinoma]], [[endometrial cancer]].

* 
|-
|
* [[Necrolytic migratory erythema]]<ref name="TremblayMarcil2017">{{cite journal|last1=Tremblay|first1=Catherine|last2=Marcil|first2=Isabelle|title=Necrolytic Migratory Erythema: A Forgotten Paraneoplastic Condition|journal=Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery|volume=21|issue=6|year=2017|pages=559–561|issn=1203-4754|doi=10.1177/1203475417719051}}</ref>
|
* [[Glucagonoma]]

* 
|-
|
* [[Sweet's syndrome]]<ref name="CohenKurzrock1987">{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Philip R.|last2=Kurzrock|first2=Razelle|title=Sweet's syndrome and malignancy|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=82|issue=6|year=1987|pages=1220–1226|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/0002-9343(87)90229-4}}</ref>
|
* [[Acute myeloid leukemia|Acute myelogenous leukemia]], [[Myeloproliferative disease|myeloproliferative disorders]], [[lymphoproliferative disorders]], [[myelodysplastic syndrome]], and [[carcinoma]]

* 
|-
|
* [[Pyoderma gangrenosum]]<ref name="YouJu2018">{{cite journal|last1=You|first1=Hye Rin|last2=Ju|first2=Jae-Kyun|last3=Yun|first3=Sook Jung|last4=Lee|first4=Jee-Bum|last5=Kim|first5=Seong-Jin|last6=Won|first6=Young Ho|last7=Lee|first7=Seung-Chul|title=Paraneoplastic Pyoderma Gangrenosum Associated with Rectal Adenocarcinoma|journal=Annals of Dermatology|volume=30|issue=1|year=2018|pages=79|issn=1013-9087|doi=10.5021/ad.2018.30.1.79}}</ref>
|
* [[Rectal Adenocarcinoma]], [[myeloproliferative disorders]], [[colon cancer]]

* 
|-
|+
|-
| rowspan="11"  align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |[[Neurological]]<ref name="PelosofGerber2010">{{cite journal|last1=Pelosof|first1=Lorraine C.|last2=Gerber|first2=David E.|title=Paraneoplastic Syndromes: An Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=85|issue=9|year=2010|pages=838–854|issn=00256196|doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0099}}</ref>
|
* [[Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration]]<ref name="AbdulazizYu2018">{{cite journal|last1=Abdulaziz|first1=Ammar Taha Abdullah|last2=Yu|first2=Xiao Qing|last3=Zhang|first3=Le|last4=Jiang|first4=Xin Yue|last5=Zhou|first5=Dong|last6=Li|first6=Jin Mei|title=Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with cerebellar hypermetabolism|journal=Medicine|volume=97|issue=24|year=2018|pages=e10717|issn=0025-7974|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000010717}}</ref>

|
* [[Breast cancer|Breast]] and [[gynecological malignancies]]

* 
|-
|
* [[Encephalomyelitis]]<ref name="Graus2001">{{cite journal|last1=Graus|first1=F.|title=Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis: analysis of 200 patients|journal=Brain|volume=124|issue=6|year=2001|pages=1138–1148|issn=14602156|doi=10.1093/brain/124.6.1138}}</ref>

|
* [[Bronchial cancer]] (typically [[small cell lung carcinoma]])
* 
|-
|
* [[Limbic encephalitis]]<ref name="ShenXu2018">{{cite journal|last1=Shen|first1=Kaini|last2=Xu|first2=Yan|last3=Guan|first3=Hongzhi|last4=Zhong|first4=Wei|last5=Chen|first5=Minjiang|last6=Zhao|first6=Jing|last7=Li|first7=Longyun|last8=Wang|first8=Mengzhao|title=Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis associated with lung cancer|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|year=2018|issn=2045-2322|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-25294-y}}</ref>
|
* [[Lung cancer]]
* 
|-
|
* [[Encephalitis|Brainstem encephalitis]]<ref name="Blaes2013">{{cite journal|last1=Blaes|first1=Franz|title=Paraneoplastic Brain Stem Encephalitis|journal=Current Treatment Options in Neurology|volume=15|issue=2|year=2013|pages=201–209|issn=1092-8480|doi=10.1007/s11940-013-0221-1}}</ref><ref name="PelosofGerber2010">{{cite journal|last1=Pelosof|first1=Lorraine C.|last2=Gerber|first2=David E.|title=Paraneoplastic Syndromes: An Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=85|issue=9|year=2010|pages=838–854|issn=00256196|doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0099}}</ref>
|
* [[Lung cancer]], [[testicular cancer]], [[neuroendocrine]] [[tumors]]

* 
|-
|
* [[Opsoclonus]] (involving eye movement)<ref name="Blaes2013">{{cite journal|last1=Blaes|first1=Franz|title=Paraneoplastic Brain Stem Encephalitis|journal=Current Treatment Options in Neurology|volume=15|issue=2|year=2013|pages=201–209|issn=1092-8480|doi=10.1007/s11940-013-0221-1}}</ref>
|
* [[Neuroblastoma]], [[small cell lung cancer]] and [[gynecological]] [[tumors]]

* 
|-
|
* [[Encephalitis]]
|
* [[Teratoma]]
|-
|
* [[Polymyositis]]
|
* [[Squamous cell lung cancer]], [[breast cancer]]<ref name="GabrilovichRaza2006">{{cite journal|last1=Gabrilovich|first1=Mikhail|last2=Raza|first2=Mohammad|last3=Dolan|first3=Stephen|last4=Raza|first4=Tasleem|title=Paraneoplastic Polymyositis Associated With Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung|journal=Chest|volume=129|issue=6|year=2006|pages=1721–1723|issn=00123692|doi=10.1378/chest.129.6.1721}}</ref>
|-
|
* [[Autonomic neuropathy]]<ref name="urlParaneoplastic autonomic neuropathy: a case report | GM">{{cite web |url=https://www.gmjournal.co.uk/paraneoplastic-autonomic-neuropathy-a-case-report |title=Paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy: a case report &#124; GM |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
|
* [[Carcinomas]],[[small cell lung cancer]], [[thymoma]]
|- 
|
* [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]] ([[LEMS]])
|
* [[Small cell lung cancer|Small-cell lung cancer]], [[prostate cancer]], [[lymphomas]], [[adenocarcinomas]]
|-
|
* [[Myasthenia gravis]]
|
* [[Thymoma]]
|-
|
* Subacute (peripheral) [[sensory neuropathy]]
|
* [[Small cell lung cancer]], [[breast cancer]], [[sarcomas]], [[Hodgkin lymphoma]], and [[ovarian cancer]]
|-
| rowspan="4"  align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |[[Hematological]]<ref name="PelosofGerber2010">{{cite journal|last1=Pelosof|first1=Lorraine C.|last2=Gerber|first2=David E.|title=Paraneoplastic Syndromes: An Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=85|issue=9|year=2010|pages=838–854|issn=00256196|doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0099}}</ref>
|
* [[Granulocytosis]]<ref name="AscensaoOken1987">{{cite journal|last1=Ascensao|first1=Joad L.|last2=Oken|first2=Martin M.|last3=Ewing|first3=Stephen L.|last4=Goldberg|first4=Robert J.|last5=Kaplan|first5=Manuel E.|title=Leukocytosis and large cell lung cancer. A frequent association|journal=Cancer|volume=60|issue=4|year=1987|pages=903–905|issn=0008-543X|doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19870815)60:4<903::AID-CNCR2820600431>3.0.CO;2-6}}</ref><ref name="AhnPark2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ahn|first1=Heui June|last2=Park|first2=Yeon Hee|last3=Chang|first3=Yoon Hwan|last4=Park|first4=Sun Hoo|last5=Kim|first5=Min-Suk|last6=Ryoo|first6=Baek Yeol|last7=Yang|first7=Sung Hyun|title=A Case of Uterine Cervical Cancer Presenting with Granulocytosis|journal=The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=20|issue=3|year=2005|pages=247|issn=1226-3303|doi=10.3904/kjim.2005.20.3.247}}</ref>
|
* [[Lung cancer]] (particularly [[large cell lung cancer]]), [[Gastrointestinal cancer|gastrointestinal]], [[Brain cancer|brain]], [[Breast cancer|breast]], [[Renal cancer|renal]], and [[gynecologic cancers]]
|-
|
* [[Thrombocytosis]]<ref name="StoneNick2012">{{cite journal|last1=Stone|first1=Rebecca L.|last2=Nick|first2=Alpa M.|last3=McNeish|first3=Iain A.|last4=Balkwill|first4=Frances|last5=Han|first5=Hee Dong|last6=Bottsford-Miller|first6=Justin|last7=Rupaimoole|first7=Rajesha|last8=Armaiz-Pena|first8=Guillermo N.|last9=Pecot|first9=Chad V.|last10=Coward|first10=Jermaine|last11=Deavers|first11=Michael T.|last12=Vasquez|first12=Hernan G.|last13=Urbauer|first13=Diana|last14=Landen|first14=Charles N.|last15=Hu|first15=Wei|last16=Gershenson|first16=Hannah|last17=Matsuo|first17=Koji|last18=Shahzad|first18=Mian M.K.|last19=King|first19=Erin R.|last20=Tekedereli|first20=Ibrahim|last21=Ozpolat|first21=Bulent|last22=Ahn|first22=Edward H.|last23=Bond|first23=Virginia K.|last24=Wang|first24=Rui|last25=Drew|first25=Angela F.|last26=Gushiken|first26=Francisca|last27=Lamkin|first27=Donald|last28=Collins|first28=Katherine|last29=DeGeest|first29=Koen|last30=Lutgendorf|first30=Susan K.|last31=Chiu|first31=Wah|last32=Lopez-Berestein|first32=Gabriel|last33=Afshar-Kharghan|first33=Vahid|last34=Sood|first34=Anil K.|title=Paraneoplastic Thrombocytosis in Ovarian Cancer|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=366|issue=7|year=2012|pages=610–618|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1110352}}</ref>
|
* [[Ovarian cancer]]
|-
|
* [[Pure red cell aplasia]]<ref name="RosuCohen2011">{{cite journal|last1=Rosu|first1=Cristian|last2=Cohen|first2=Sandra|last3=Meunier|first3=Caroline|last4=Ouellette|first4=Denise|last5=Beauchamp|first5=Gilles|last6=Rakovich|first6=George|title=Pure red cell aplasia and associated thymoma|journal=Clinics and Practice|volume=1|issue=1|year=2011|pages=1|issn=2039-7283|doi=10.4081/cp.2011.e1}}</ref>
|
* [[Thymoma]], [[lymphoma]], [[leukemia]]
|-
|
* [[Eosinophilia]]<ref name="PelosofGerber2010">{{cite journal|last1=Pelosof|first1=Lorraine C.|last2=Gerber|first2=David E.|title=Paraneoplastic Syndromes: An Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=85|issue=9|year=2010|pages=838–854|issn=00256196|doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0099}}</ref>
|
* [[Lymphomas]], [[leukemias]], [[lung]], [[Gastrointestinal tumor|gastrointestinal]], and [[Genital cancer|gynecologic]] [[tumors]]
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |Others
|
* [[Membranous glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="LeeaphornKue-A-Pai2014">{{cite journal|last1=Leeaphorn|first1=Napat|last2=Kue-A-Pai|first2=Pogsathorn|last3=Thamcharoen|first3=Natanong|last4=Ungprasert|first4=Patompong|last5=Stokes|first5=Michael B.|last6=Knight|first6=Eric L.|title=Prevalence of Cancer in Membranous Nephropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies|journal=American Journal of Nephrology|volume=40|issue=1|year=2014|pages=29–35|issn=1421-9670|doi=10.1159/000364782}}</ref>
|
* [[Lung cancer]], [[prostate cancer]], and [[Hematologic malignancy|hematologic malignancies]]
|-
|}

{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
|+

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|}

==Causes==
===Common Causes===
* The major [[causes]] of paraneoplastic syndrome include:<ref name="pmid1591305">{{cite journal| author=Richardson GE, Johnson BE| title=Paraneoplastic syndromes in lung cancer. | journal=Curr Opin Oncol | year= 1992 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 323-33 | pmid=1591305 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1591305  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8946620">{{cite journal| author=Gold PJ, Fefer A, Thompson JA| title=Paraneoplastic manifestations of renal cell carcinoma. | journal=Semin Urol Oncol | year= 1996 | volume= 14 | issue= 4 | pages= 216-22 | pmid=8946620 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8946620  }}</ref><ref name="pmid191296132">{{cite journal| author=Horwhat JD, Gerke H, Acosta RD, Pavey DA, Jowell PS| title=Focal or diffuse "fullness" of the pancreas on CT. Usually benign, but EUS plus/minus FNA is warranted to identify malignancy. | journal=JOP | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-42 | pmid=19129613 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19129613  }}</ref>
**[[Small cell lung cancer]]
** [[Non-small cell lung cancer]]
** [[Multiple myeloma]]
** [[Breast cancer]]
** [[Medullary thyroid cancer]]
** [[Bronchial]] [[carcinoid]]
** [[Pancoast tumor|Pancoast's tumour]]
** [[Pancreatic cancer]]
** [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]
** [[Gastric tumors]]
** [[Gastrointestinal]] [[neuroendocrine tumors]] (NETS)
** [[Leukemias]]
** [[Lymphomas]]
** [[Skin cancers]]
** [[Renal carcinoma]]
===Causes by Organ System===
*Paraneoplastic syndromes [[causes]] may be regrouped by organ system.<ref name="pmid20810794">{{cite journal| author=Pelosof LC, Gerber DE| title=Paraneoplastic syndromes: an approach to diagnosis and treatment. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2010 | volume= 85 | issue= 9 | pages= 838-54 | pmid=20810794 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0099 | pmc=2931619 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20810794  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30876820">{{cite journal |vauthors=Henry K |title=Paraneoplastic syndromes: Definitions, classification, pathophysiology and principles of treatment |journal=Semin Diagn Pathol |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=204–210 |date=July 2019 |pmid=30876820 |doi=10.1053/j.semdp.2019.01.002 |url=}}</ref>
{| style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''[[List of skin diseases|Dermatologic]]'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |
* [[Dermatomyositis]]
* [[Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma]]
|-

|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

| '''[[ENT|Ear Nose Throat]]'''

| bgcolor="Beige" |
* [[Oropharyngeal]] [[cancer]]

|- 

|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

| '''[[Endocrine system|Endocrine]]'''

| bgcolor="Beige" |
* [[Medullary thyroid cancer]]
* [[Adrenal cancer]]

|-

|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

| '''[[Gastroenterology|Gastroenterologic]]'''

| bgcolor="Beige" |
* [[Pancreatic cancer]]
* Other [[Gastrointestinal tract|GI]] [[cancers]]

|-

|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

| '''[[Hematology|Hematologic]]'''

| bgcolor="Beige" |
* [[Myeloproliferative disorders]],
*[[Multiple myeloma]], [[Melanoma]]
* [[Lymphoma]]
* [[Human T-lymphotropic virus|HTLV]]-associated [[Lymphoma]]
* [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]]
* [[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]]
* [[Cancer|Cancers]] of the [[T-cells]] 
* [[Adult T-cell leukemia]]
* [[Acute myeloid leukemia]]

|-

|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

| '''[[Musculoskeletal system|Musculoskeletal]]/[[Orthopedics|Orthopedic]]'''

| bgcolor="Beige" |
* [[Teratoma]]
* [[Sarcomas]]
* [[Ewing sarcoma]]

|-

|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

| '''[[Neurology|Neurologic]]'''

| bgcolor="Beige" |
* [[Brain Cancer]]

|-

|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

| '''[[Obstetrics and Gynaecology|Obstetric/Gynecologic]]'''

| bgcolor="Beige" |
* [[Ovarian cancer]]
* [[Endometrial cancer]]

|-

|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

| '''[[Oncology|Oncologic]]'''

| bgcolor="Beige" |
* [[Breast cancer]]

|-

|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

| '''[[Lung|Pulmonary]]'''

| bgcolor="Beige" |
* [[Small cell lung cancer]]
* [[Pancoast tumor|Pancoast's tumour]]
* [[Oat cell carcinoma]]
* [[Non-small cell lung cancer]]
* [[Malignant Mesothelioma]]
* [[Bronchiole|Bronchial]] [[carcinoid]]

|-

|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

| '''[[Renal]][[Electrolyte|/Electrolyte]]'''

| bgcolor="Beige" |
* [[Kidney cancer|Renal cancer]]

|-

|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

| '''[[Rheumatology]][[Immunology|/Immunology]]/[[Allergy]]'''

| bgcolor="Beige" |
* No underlying causes

|-

|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

| '''[[Urology|Urologic]]'''

| bgcolor="Beige" |
* [[Ureteral]] [[cancer]]

* [[Prostate cancer]]

* [[Bladder cancer]]

|-

|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

| '''Miscellaneous'''

| bgcolor="Beige" |
* [[Thymoma]]

* [[Testicular]] [[Germ Cell Tumor|germ-cell tumors]]

|-

|}

==Differential diagnosis==
Paraneoplastic syndromes must be [[Differentiate|differentiated]] from others types of [[cancer]] depending on the location and type of organs.
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
| colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
! colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Para-clinical findings
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical examination
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histopathology
|- 
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Small cell lung cancer]]<ref name="NCCN">[http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines_nojava.asp NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Small Cell Lung Cancer, version 2.2014]</ref><ref name="CarterGlisson2014">{{cite journal|last1=Carter|first1=Brett W.|last2=Glisson|first2=Bonnie S.|last3=Truong|first3=Mylene T.|last4=Erasmus|first4=Jeremy J.|title=Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: Staging, Imaging, and Treatment Considerations|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=34|issue=6|year=2014|pages=1707–1721|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.346140178}}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Cough]]

* [[Weakness]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Weight loss]]

* [[Fatigue]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Dyspnea]]

* [[GI]] [[symptoms]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Digital clubbing]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Bone|Bone tenderness]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ↑ [[Calcium|Ca++]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Hyponatremia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | _
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Chest|Chest CT Scan]]: [[Necrotic]] and [[hemorrhagic]] [[hilar]] [[mass]] and [[lymphadenopathy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Chest X-ray]]:
* [[Hilar|Hilar mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | _
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Small, round and oval cells 
[[Necrotic|Necrosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung|Squamous lung cancer]]<ref name="Rosado-de-ChristensonTempleton1994">{{cite journal|last1=Rosado-de-Christenson|first1=M L|last2=Templeton|first2=P A|last3=Moran|first3=C A|title=Bronchogenic carcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation.|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=14|issue=2|year=1994|pages=429–446|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.14.2.8190965}}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Asymptomatic]]  at first
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Chronic cough]]
* [[Dyspnea]]
* [[Weakness]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Weight Loss|Weight]] [[Weight loss|loss]]
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Hemoptysis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Confusion]]

* [[Lymphadenopathy]]

<br />

| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Decreased [[breath sound]] in lung auscultation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Fingers]] [[clubbing]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ↑ [[Calcium|Ca++]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Chest|Chest Ct scan]] : [[Ground glass opacification on CT|Ground glass opacity]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Chest X-ray]]: Spiculated [[Mass]], [[Hilum of lung|bulky hilum]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | _
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Intracellular]] bridges
* Central [[necrosis]] with [[cavitation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]<ref name="ReynoldsFurlan2015">{{cite journal|last1=Reynolds|first1=Arich R.|last2=Furlan|first2=Alessandro|last3=Fetzer|first3=David T.|last4=Sasatomi|first4=Eizaburo|last5=Borhani|first5=Amir A.|last6=Heller|first6=Matthew T.|last7=Tublin|first7=Mitchell E.|title=Infiltrative Hepatocellular Carcinoma: What Radiologists Need to Know|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=35|issue=2|year=2015|pages=371–386|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.352140114}}</ref><ref name="FloresLang2011">{{cite journal|last1=Flores|first1=Yvonne N.|last2=Lang|first2=Cathy M.|last3=Salmerón|first3=Jorge|last4=Bastani|first4=Roshan|title=Risk Factors for Liver Disease and Associated Knowledge and Practices Among Mexican Adults in the US and Mexico|journal=Journal of Community Health|volume=37|issue=2|year=2011|pages=403–411|issn=0094-5145|doi=10.1007/s10900-011-9457-4}}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Asymptomatic]] at first
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* [[Nausea]]
* [[Vomiting]]
* [[Fever]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Loss of appetite]]
* [[Pruritus]]
* [[Jaundice|yellow discoloration of skin]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Jaundice]] 
* [[Cachexia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Splenomegaly]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Ascite|Abdominal swelling with fluid shift]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[PT|Prolonged  PT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ↑  [[Alpha fetoprotein]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Ultrasonography|U/S]] : Small hypoechoic lesion
* Irregular border with [[fibrosis]], and [[calcification]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Tumor cell|Polygonal tumor cells]]
* Granular [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
!Diseases
!Symptom 1
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Symptom 2
!Symptom 3
!Physical exam 1
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Physical exam 2
!Physical exam 3
!Lab 1
!Lab 2
!Lab 3
!Imaging 1
!Imaging 2
!Imaging 3
!Histopathology
|'''Gold standard'''
!Additional findings
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Breast cancer]]<ref name="Mišković2016">{{cite journal|last1=Mišković|first1=Josip|title=DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY FOR BREAST TUMORS|journal=ACTA CLINICA CROATICA|year=2016|pages=625–628|issn=03539466|doi=10.20471/acc.2016.55.04.13}}</ref><ref name="pmid29117654">{{cite journal| author=Mišković J, Zorić A, Radić Mišković H, Šoljić V| title=Diagnostic Value of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology for Breast Tumors | journal=Acta Clin Croat | year= 2016 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 625-628 | pmid=29117654 | doi=10.20471/acc.2016.55.04.13 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29117654  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8004594">{{cite journal| author=McKenna RJ| title=The abnormal mammogram radiographic findings, diagnostic options, pathology, and stage of cancer diagnosis. | journal=Cancer | year= 1994 | volume= 74 | issue= 1 Suppl | pages= 244-55 | pmid=8004594 | doi=10.1002/cncr.2820741308 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8004594  }}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Lump]] in the [[breast]]
* [[Nipple discharge]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Bone pain]]
* [[Weight loss]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Loss of appetite]] 
* [[Shortness of breath]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Enlarged [[Supraclavicular lymph nodes]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Dimpling of [[skin]] [[Nipples|Inverted nipples]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Bloody [[nipple discharge]]
*Change in [[Personality changes|personality]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Mammogram]]:
** [[Soft tissue|Soft]] [[tissue]] [[mass]]
** [[Microcalcification]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Numerous [[mitotic]] figures
*[[Pleomorphism]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Renal cell carcinoma|Renal cancer]]<ref name="CairnsSrivastava2011">{{cite journal|last1=Cairns|first1=Paul|last2=Srivastava|first2=Sudhir|last3=Grizzle|first3=William E.|title=Renal cell carcinoma|journal=Cancer Biomarkers|volume=9|issue=1-6|year=2011|pages=461–473|issn=18758592|doi=10.3233/CBM-2011-0176}}</ref><ref name="pmid7769125">{{cite journal| author=de la Mata J, Uy HL, Guise TA, Story B, Boyce BF, Mundy GR et al.| title=Interleukin-6 enhances hypercalcemia and bone resorption mediated by parathyroid hormone-related protein in vivo. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 1995 | volume= 95 | issue= 6 | pages= 2846-52 | pmid=7769125 | doi=10.1172/JCI117990 | pmc=295971 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7769125  }}</ref><ref name="pmid3306861">{{cite journal| author=Laski ME, Vugrin D| title=Paraneoplastic syndromes in hypernephroma. | journal=Semin Nephrol | year= 1987 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 123-30 | pmid=3306861 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3306861  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20479778">{{cite journal| author=Leveridge MJ, Bostrom PJ, Koulouris G, Finelli A, Lawrentschuk N| title=Imaging renal cell carcinoma with ultrasonography, CT and MRI. | journal=Nat Rev Urol | year= 2010 | volume= 7 | issue= 6 | pages= 311-25 | pmid=20479778 | doi=10.1038/nrurol.2010.63 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20479778  }}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Hematuria]]
* [[Flank pain]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Weight loss]]
* [[Loss of appetite]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal mass]]
* [[Fatigue]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Cachexia]]
* [[Abdominal bruit]] 
* Palpable [[abdominal mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Supraclavicular lymph nodes|Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[High  blood pressure]]
* [[Pallor]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ↑ [[Ca|Ca++]]
* [[Polycythemia]] 
* ↑ [[Platelets]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ↑ [[ALP]]
* ↑ [[LFT]] 
* ↑ [[LDH]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ↑ [[Creatinine]] 
* ↑ [[Cancer cells]] in [[Urine|urine cytology]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal]] CT scan: 
** Thickened irregular walls
** [[Neoplastic|neoplastic mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Depends on the subtypes
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Biopsy|Needle Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Pancreatic cancer]]<ref name="pmid19129613">{{cite journal| author=Horwhat JD, Gerke H, Acosta RD, Pavey DA, Jowell PS| title=Focal or diffuse "fullness" of the pancreas on CT. Usually benign, but EUS plus/minus FNA is warranted to identify malignancy. | journal=JOP | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-42 | pmid=19129613 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19129613  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15960930">{{cite journal| author=Porta M, Fabregat X, Malats N, Guarner L, Carrato A, de Miguel A et al.| title=Exocrine pancreatic cancer: symptoms at presentation and their relation to tumour site and stage. | journal=Clin Transl Oncol | year= 2005 | volume= 7 | issue= 5 | pages= 189-97 | pmid=15960930 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15960930  }}</ref><ref name="HollyChaliha2004">{{cite journal|last1=Holly|first1=Elizabeth A.|last2=Chaliha|first2=Indranushi|last3=Bracci|first3=Paige M.|last4=Gautam|first4=Manjushree|title=Signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer: a population-based case-control study in the San Francisco Bay area|journal=Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=2|issue=6|year=2004|pages=510–517|issn=15423565|doi=10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00171-5}}</ref><ref name="pmid26495795">{{cite journal| author=Schmidt-Hansen M, Berendse S, Hamilton W| title=Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer in Primary Care: A Systematic Review. | journal=Pancreas | year= 2016 | volume= 45 | issue= 6 | pages= 814-8 | pmid=26495795 | doi=10.1097/MPA.0000000000000527 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26495795  }}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Epigastric]] [[pain]]
* [[Nausea]]
* [[Jaundice|Yellow discoloration of skin]]
* [[Dark urine]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Weight loss]] 
* [[Abdominal pain]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Loss of appetite]]
* [[Greasy stools]]
*[[Lack of energy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Cachexia]] 
* Migratory superficial [[thrombophlebitis]] on the [[skin]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal]] distention and tenderness
* Left [[Supraclavicular]] [[lymphadenopathy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Palpable|Palpable periumbilical]] [[mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ↑ [[Bilirubin]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ↑ [[ALP]]
* ↑ [[LFT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Low albumin]] and [[cholesterol]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal|Abdominal CT]] scan: 
** [[Pancreatic duct|Pancreatic duct dilation]]
** [[Pancreatic]] [[atrophy]] 
** [[Obstruction]] of [[common bile duct]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* U/S: hypoechoic [[mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Nuclei|Small nuclei]]
* [[Pleomorphic|Pleomorphism]]
* [[Cytoplasm|Granular cytoplasm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Spiral CT scan|Spiral CT scan with contrast]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Gastric cancer]]<ref name="pmid23667204">{{cite journal| author=Ajani JA, Bentrem DJ, Besh S, D'Amico TA, Das P, Denlinger C et al.| title=Gastric cancer, version 2.2013: featured updates to the NCCN Guidelines. | journal=J Natl Compr Canc Netw | year= 2013 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 531-46 | pmid=23667204 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23667204  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8239772">{{cite journal| author=Wanebo HJ, Kennedy BJ, Chmiel J, Steele G, Winchester D, Osteen R| title=Cancer of the stomach. A patient care study by the American College of Surgeons. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1993 | volume= 218 | issue= 5 | pages= 583-92 | pmid=8239772 | doi=10.1097/00000658-199321850-00002 | pmc=1243028 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8239772  }}</ref><ref name="pmid3357941">{{cite journal| author=Sussman SK, Halvorsen RA, Illescas FF, Cohan RH, Saeed M, Silverman PM et al.| title=Gastric adenocarcinoma: CT versus surgical staging. | journal=Radiology | year= 1988 | volume= 167 | issue= 2 | pages= 335-40 | pmid=3357941 | doi=10.1148/radiology.167.2.3357941 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3357941  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7859977">{{cite journal| author=Karita M, Tada M| title=Endoscopic and histologic diagnosis of submucosal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract using combined strip biopsy and bite biopsy. | journal=Gastrointest Endosc | year= 1994 | volume= 40 | issue= 6 | pages= 749-53 | pmid=7859977 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7859977  }}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* History of [[gastric ulcer]] 
* Early [[satiety]] 
* [[Hematemesis]]
<br />
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Weight loss]]

* [[Loss of appetite]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Difficulty swallowing]]

* [[Abdominal discomfort]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal mass|Palpable abdominal mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Left [[supraclavicular]] [[lymphadenopathy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ↑ [[CA 19-9]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Anemia]]<br />
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal]] [[CT scan]]: 
** [[Gastric|Thickened gastric]] wall
** Loss of [[Rugal folds|rugal fold]]
** [[Mucosal]] irregularity Ulcerative lesion
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Endoscopy]]: [[Ulcer]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Irregular [[tubular]] structure
* Minimal [[stroma]] and [[cellular]] 
* [[Pleomorphism]]
* [[Nucleus]] located at the periphery
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Endoscopy]] and [[biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Microangiopathic  hemolytic anemia]]
* Hypercogulable state
* [[Nephropathy|Menbranous nephropathy]]
* [[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
* [[Acanthosis nigricans]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Lymphoma]]]<ref name="pmid15245605">{{cite journal| author=Hagler KT, Lynch JW| title=Paraneoplastic manifestations of lymphoma. | journal=Clin Lymphoma | year= 2004 | volume= 5 | issue= 1 | pages= 29-36 | pmid=15245605 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15245605  }}</ref><ref name="pmid21339498">{{cite journal| author=Briani C, Vitaliani R, Grisold W, Honnorat J, Graus F, Antoine JC et al.| title=Spectrum of paraneoplastic disease associated with lymphoma. | journal=Neurology | year= 2011 | volume= 76 | issue= 8 | pages= 705-10 | pmid=21339498 | doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e31820d62eb | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21339498  }}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Weight loss]]
* [[Abdominal pain]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Fever]]
* [[Fatigue]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Night sweat]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ↑ [[ESR]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ↑ [[LDH]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[CT scan]] of [[abdomen]], [[pelvic]], and [[chest]]: for [[metastasis]] to distant [[organs]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Depends on the type of lymphoma
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Ovarian cancer]]<ref name="pmid22217630">{{cite journal| author=Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C| title=Identifying women with suspected ovarian cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of algorithm. | journal=BMJ | year= 2011 | volume= 344 | issue=  | pages= d8009 | pmid=22217630 | doi=10.1136/bmj.d8009 | pmc=3251328 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22217630  }}</ref><ref name="pmid22405464">{{cite journal| author=Li J, Fadare O, Xiang L, Kong B, Zheng W| title=Ovarian serous carcinoma: recent concepts on its origin and carcinogenesis. | journal=J Hematol Oncol | year= 2012 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 8 | pmid=22405464 | doi=10.1186/1756-8722-5-8 | pmc=3328281 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22405464  }}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Asymptomatic]] at first
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal pain]]
*[[Bloating]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Early satiety]]
* [[Urinary]] [[frequency]] and [[urgency]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Palpable [[adnexal]] [[mass]]
*[[Ascites|Abdominal swelling with fluid shift]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Leg [[swelling]] and [[tenderness]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Diminished [[breath]] [[sound]] due to the effusion
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ↑ [[CA-125]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ↑ [[Calcium|Ca++]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Pelvic]] U/S: [[Solid]] irregular [[mass]] with irregular  thick [[septation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal]] [[CT scan]]: findings depend on the subtypes
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Nuclear|Nuclear pleomorphism]] 
* Macronucleolus Eccentric [[nucleus]]
* [[Psammoma body|Psammoma bodies]]
* [[Necrosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Trousseau's syndrome|Trousseau]] [[syndrome]]
|}
==References==
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Oncology stub]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
<references />