View source for Oral and maxillofacial surgery

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==Overview==
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'''Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery''' is surgery to correct a wide spectrum of diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. It is a recognized international surgical specialty.[http://www.iaoms.org/What_is_oms.aspx?display=Whatoms]  

==Regulations==
*In the [[U.S.A.]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]] Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is one of the 9 specialties recognized by the [[American Dental Association]], [[Royal College of Dentists of Canada]], and [[Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons]], however some training programs lead to the trainee obtaining qualifications in both Medicine and Dentistry.  

*In the [[United Kingdom]], [[Oral Surgery]] is a specialty recognized and regulated by the [[General Dental Council]] as a Dental specialty while Oral&[[Maxillofacial Surgery]] ("Maxfacs") is a specialty recognized and regulated by the [[General Medical Council]] as a Medical specialty requiring both Medical and Dental degrees and culminating in the qualification [[Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons|FRCS(OMFS)]].

*In the [[European Union]], The [[Directive 2001/19/EC]] also distinguishes [[Oral Surgery]] from [[Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery]], which requires both Dental and Medical qualifications.

In other parts of the world Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery as a speciality exists but under different forms as the work is sometimes performed by a single or dual qualified specialist depending on each country's regulations and training opportunities available.

==Oral and maxillofacial surgeons==
An '''oral and maxillofacial surgeon''' is a  regional specialist [[surgery|surgeon]] treating the [[anatomical]] area of the [[mouth]], [[jaw]]s, [[face]], [[skull]], as well as associated structures.

Oral & maxillofacial surgeons are usually initially qualified in [[dentistry]] and have undergone further surgical training.  Some OMS residencies integrate a medical education as well & an appropriate degree [[medicine]] ([[MBBS]] or [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] or equivalent) is earned, although in the United States there is legally no difference in what a dual degree OMFS can do compared to someone who earned a four year certificate. Oral & maxillofacial surgery is universally recognized as a one of the nine specialties of dentistry.  However also in the UK and many other countries OMFS is a medical specialty as well culminating in the [[Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons|FRCS]] (Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons).  Regardless, all oral & maxillofacial surgeons  must obtain a degree in dentistry ([[BDS]], [[Dentistry|BDent]], [[Doctor of Dental Surgery|DDS]], or [[Doctor of Dental Medicine|DMD]] or equivalent) before being allowed to begin residency training in oral and maxillofacial surgery. 

They also may choose to undergo further training in a 1 or 2 year fellowship to expand the scope of practice to areas such as:
*[[Head and neck cancer]] - [[Microsurgery|microvascular reconstruction]]
*[[Cosmetic Surgery|Cosmetic facial surgery]]
*[[Craniofacial surgery]]/Pediatric Maxillofacial surgery
* Cranio-maxillofacial trauma

The popularity of oral and maxillofacial surgery as a career for persons whose first degree was medicine, not dentistry, seems to be increasing.  Integrated programs are becoming more available to medical graduates allowing them to complete the dental degree requirement in about 3 years in order for them to advance to subsequently complete Oral and Maxillofacial surgical training.

===Surgical procedures===

Treatments may be performed on the mouth, jaws, neck, face, skull, and include:
*Dentoalveolar surgery (surgery to remove impacted [[teeth]], difficult [[tooth]] extractions, extractions on medically compromised patients, bone grafting or preprosthetic surgery to provide better anatomy for the placement of [[dentures]] or other dental prostheses)
*Diagnosis and treatment of [[benign]] [[pathology]] of the region ([[cyst]]s, [[tumor]]s etc.)
*Diagnosis and treatment (ablative and [[reconstructive surgery]]) of [[malignant]] pathology of the region (oral & [[head and neck cancer]])
*Diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous malignancy ([[skin cancer]])
*Diagnosis and treatment of [[congenital]] [[craniofacial]] malformations such as [[cleft lip]] and [[palate]] and cranial vault malformations such as [[craniosynostosis]], ([[craniofacial surgery]])
*Diagnosis and treatment of chronic facial pain disorders
*Diagnosis and treatment of [[temporomandibular]] joint (TMJ) disorders
*Diagnosis and treatment of dysgnathia (incorrect bite), and orthognathic (literally "straight bite") [[reconstructive surgery]], [[orthognathic surgery]], [[Maxillomandibular advancement]]
*Diagnosis and treatment of soft and hard tissue trauma of the oral and maxillofacial region (jaw fractures, cheek bone fractures, [[Nasal cavity|nasal]] fractures, [[skull]] fractures and [[eye socket]] fractures. 
*Splint and surgical treatment of [[sleep apnea]], [[Maxillomandibular advancement]] (in conjunction with sleep labs or [[physician]]s)
*Surgery to insert osseointegrated (bone fused) [[dental implant]]s or Maxillofacial implants for attaching [[Craniofacial prosthesis]].
*[[Cosmetic surgery]] limited to the head and neck ([[Rhytidectomy]]/facelift, [[Blepharoplasty]], [[Otoplasty]], [[Rhinoplasty]], [[Genioplasty]], etc.)

A well known example of a facial trauma case was the reconstruction of [[Trevor Rees-Jones]]'s face, which was literally flattened by the impact of the car crash that killed [[Diana, Princess of Wales]]. Dr [[Luc Chikhani]] rebuilt the shattered facial bones, working from photographs, and implanting hundreds of [[titanium]] screws and brackets.

In November 2005 [[Isabelle Dinoire]] became the first person in the world to receive a [[face transplant]].[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6058696.stm]  The procedure was completed by Dr [[Bernard Devauchelle]] a French oral and maxillofacial surgeon at Amiens University Hospital.

==United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand==
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is one of the 9 dental specialties recognized by the American Dental Association, Royal College of Dentists of Canada, and the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons.  Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery requires 4-6 years of further formal University training after dental school (DDS,BDent,DMD, or BDS). Four-year residency programs grant a certificate of specialty training in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Six-year residency programs grant the specialty certificate in addition to a medical degree (MD,MBBS,MBChB, etc). Specialists in this field are designated registrable U.S. “Board Eligible” and warrant exclusive titles. Approximately 50% of the training programs in the U.S., 100% of the programs in Australia and New Zealand, and 1/5 of Canadian training programs, are dual-degree leading to dual certification in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and medicine (MD,MBBS,MBChB, etc).

The typical training program for an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon is:
*4 Years Undergraduate Study (BA, BSc, or equivalent)
*4 Years Dental Study ([[Dentistry|DMD,BDent,DDS, or BDS]])
*4 - 6 Years [[Residency (medicine)|Residency]] Training (additional time for acquiring [[medical degree]])
*After completion of surgical training most undertake final specialty examinations: (U.S. "Board Certified (ABOMS)"), (Australia/NZ: "FRACDS(OMS)"), or (Canada: "FRCD(C)(OMS)").
* Many dually qualified oral and maxillofacial surgeons are now also obtaining Fellowships with the American College of Surgeons ([[American College of Surgeons|FACS]])
*Average total length after Secondary School: 12 - 14 Years

In addition, graduates of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery training programs can pursue advanced fellowships, typically 1 - 2 years in length, in the following areas:
*[[Head and neck cancer]] - [[Microsurgery|microvascular reconstruction]]
*[[Cosmetic Surgery|Cosmetic facial surgery]]    (facelift, rhinoplasty, etc.)
*[[Craniofacial surgery]]/Pediatric Maxillofacial surgery     (cleft lip and palate repair, surgery for craniosynostoses, etc.)
* Cranio-maxillofacial trauma     (soft tissue and skeletal injuries to the face, head and neck)

==Organizations==
* [[Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons of India]] [http://www.aomsi.org/]
* [[American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons]] [http://www.aaoms.org/]
* [[American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery]] [http://www.aboms.org/]
* [[American College of Surgeons]] [http://www.facs.org/medicalstudents/answer1.html]
* [[Australian and New Zealand Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons]] [http://www.anzaoms.org]
* The [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]]
* [[Canadian Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons]] [http://www.caoms.com/]
* [[Faculty of Dental Surgery]] of The [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]]
* [[Directive 2001/19/EC (Official Journal of the European Communities L 206, 31.07.2001)]] [http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/en/index.htm]
* [[European Association for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery]] [http://www.eurofaces.com/]
* [[Internacional Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons]] [http://www.iaoms.org/]
* [[British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons]] [http://www.baoms.org.uk/]
* Clinica de Cirujia Maxilofacial - Clinimax [http://www.clinimax.com]
* Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie [http://www.mkg-chirurgie.de/]
* Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften [http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/WWW/AWMF/]
* Oesterreichische Gesellschaft fuer Mund-, Kiefer- and Gesichtchirurgie [http://www.mkg-kongress.at]
* Sociedad Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial [http://www.secom.org]
* Société Française de Stomatologie et Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale [http://www.masson.fr/revues/rsto]
* Société Royale Belge de Stomatologie et de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale [http://www.masson.fr/revues/rsto]
* Société Souisse de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale [http://www.masson.fr/revues/rsto]
* Società Italiana di Chirurgia Maxillo-Facciale [http://www.sicmf.org/]
* [[OMS Foundation]] [http://www.omsfoundation.org/]

==See also==
*[[Distraction osteogenesis]]
*[[Operation Smile]]
*[[Orthognathic surgery]]
*[[The Smile Train]]

==References==
*European Cranio-maxillofacial Sugery [http://www.eurofaces.com/start/]
*Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10105182]
*International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons [http://www.iaoms.org/What_is_oms.aspx?display=Whatoms]
*British Association of Maxillofacial Surgeons [http://www.baoms.org.uk/landing.asp?id=3]

==External links==
*[http://surgeryimages.blogspot.com/2007/04/neck-surgery.html Images from a neck surgery]
*[http://www.omfsource.com OMFSource - Your Guide to Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery]
*[http://www.omfs.ucsf.edu/programs/index.cfm/oncology_fellowship/ UCSF Oncology Fellowship]
*[http://www.dent.umich.edu/depts/omshd/training/fellowship.php Michigan Oncology Fellowship]
*[http://gsm.utmck.edu/oral_surg/main.htm Tennessee Oncology Fellowship]
*[http://www.dental.pitt.edu/patients/cran.php Pittsburgh Craniofacial Surgery Fellowship]
*[http://www.rch.org.au/plastic/edu.cfm?doc_id=5860 Melbourne Craniofacial Surgery Fellowship]
*[http://jax.shands.org/hs/oral-maxillofacial/services.asp Shands Jacksonville Microvascular Fellowship]



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[[Category:Dentistry]]
[[Category:Surgical specialties]]
[[Category:Oral and maxillofacial surgery| ]]
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[[ar:جراحة الفم و الوجه والفكين]]
[[bn:মুখ, কপোলাস্থি ও মুখমণ্ডলীয় শল্যচিকিৎসা]]
[[de:Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie]]
[[el:Στοματική και Γναθοπροσωπική Χειρουργική]]
[[es:Cirugía Oral y Máxilofacial]]
[[fr:Chirurgie maxillo-faciale]]
[[ne:मुख तथा अनुहार शल्यचिकित्सा]]
[[ja:口腔外科]]
[[pl:Chirurgia szczękowo-twarzowa]]
[[tr:Oral ve maksillofasiyel cerrahi]]

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