View source for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgrey
| name = ''Mycobacterium avium'' subsp. ''intracellulare''
| image = Mycobacterium_avium-intracellulare_01.png
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = ''Mycobacterium avium'' subsp. ''intracellulare'' bacteria in lymph tissue.
| regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Actinobacteria]]
| ordo = [[Actinomycetales]]
| familia = [[Mycobacterium|Mycobacteriaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Mycobacterium]]''
| species = ''M. avium''
| subspecies = '''''M. a. paratuberculosis'''''
| [trinomial] = ''Mycobacterium avium ''subsp.'' paratuberculosis''
| trinomial_authority = (Bergey ''et al.'' 1923)<br>Thorel ''et al.'' 1990 ATCC 19698
}}
{{SI}}
{{EH}}

'''''Mycobacterium avium''' ''subspecies'' '''paratuberculosis''''' is a [[pathogen]]ic bacteria in the [[genus]] ''[[Mycobacteria]]''.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref>  It is often abbreviated ''Map'', ''M. paratuberculosis'', or ''M. avium'' sub. ''paratuberculosis''. The type strain is ATCC 19698 (equivalent to CIP 103963  or DSM 44133).<ref name=Thorel_1990>{{cite journal |author=Thorel M, Krichevsky M, Lévy-Frébault V |title=Numerical taxonomy of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria, emended description of Mycobacterium avium, and description of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium subsp. nov., Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subsp. nov., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum subsp. nov |journal=Int J Syst Bacteriol |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=254-60 |year=1990 |pmid=2397193}}</ref>

==Pathophysiology==
''Map'' causes [[Johne's disease]] in cattle and other ruminants, and it has long been suspected as a causative agent in [[Crohn's disease]] in humans; this connection is controversial.<ref name=Freeman_2005>{{cite journal | author = Freeman H, Noble M | title = Lack of evidence for ''Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis'' in Crohn's disease regulation of immunity. | journal = Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | year = 2005 | volume = 11 | issue = 8 | pages = 782 | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/113522086/HTMLSTART }}</ref>

Recent studies have shown that ''Map'' present in [[milk]] can survive [[pasteurization]], which has raised human health concerns due to the widespread nature of ''Map'' in modern dairy herds. ''Map'' is heat resistant and it is capable of sequestering itself inside white blood cells, which may contribute to its persistence in milk. It has also been reported to survive [[chlorination]] in municipal water supplies.

Even though ''Map'' is hardy, it is slow growing and [[Growth medium|fastidious]], which means it is difficult to culture. Many negative studies for ''Map'' presence in living tissue, food, and water have used culture methods to determine whether the bacteria is present. Due to recent advances in our knowledge of the bacterium, some or all of these studies may need to be re-evaluated on the basis of culture methodology.

''Map'', like most mycobacteria, is difficult to treat. It is not susceptible to anti-tuberculosis drugs (which can generally kill ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''), but can only be treated with a combination of [[antibiotics]] such as [[Rifabutin]] and a [[macrolide]] such as [[Clarithromycin]].  Treatment regimes can last years.

===Crohn's disease===

MAP is recognized as a multi-host mycobacterial pathogen with a proven specific ability to initiate and maintain systemic infection and chronic inflammation of the intestine of a range of histopathological types in many animal species including primates.

On the assumption that ''Map'' is a causative agent in Crohn's, the Australian biotechnology company [[Giaconda]] is seeking to commercialise a combination of [[Rifabutin]], [[clarithromycin]] and [[clofazimine]] as a potential drug therapy for Crohn's. As of April 2007, Giaconda received United States FDA IND approval for this medication, now called Myoconda.

==Genome==
The genome of ''Map'' strain K-10 was sequenced in 2005 and found to consist of a single circular chromosome of 4,829,781 base pairs.<ref name=Li_2005>{{cite journal |author=Li L, Bannantine J, Zhang Q, Amonsin A, May B, Alt D, Banerji N, Kanjilal S, Kapur V |title=The complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=102 |issue=35 |pages=12344-9 |year=2005 |pmid=16116077}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Zoonosis]]

==References==
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[[Category:Actinobacteria]]


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