View source for Aortic stenosis causes

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Aortic stenosis resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
| [[Aortic stenosis resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
|}
{{Aortic stenosis}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[User:Mohammed Sbeih|Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D.]] [mailto:msbeih@wikidoc.org]; {{LG}}; {{VR}}; '''Assistant Editor-In-Chief:''' [[Kristin Feeney|Kristin Feeney, B.S.]] [mailto:kfeeney@elon.edu]

==Overview==
Aortic stenosis can be either congenital or acquired, and its common causes vary between different age groups and between different populations.  [[Rheumatic heart disease]] remains the most common cause of aortic stenosis worldwide.  Calcification of the [[aortic valve]] is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in North America and Europe;<ref name="Lugiano-2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Lugiano | first1 = CA. | title = Aortic stenosis. | journal = JAAPA | volume = 26 | issue = 11 | pages = 46-7 | month = Nov | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1097/01.JAA.0000436518.69169.8e | PMID = 24153092 }}</ref> while calcification of [[Bicuspid aortic stenosis|congenital bicuspid aortic valve]] is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in people less than 70 years of age, acquired degenerative calcific aortic stenosis is the most common cause in older patients above the age of 70 years.<ref name="Iung-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Iung | first1 = B. | last2 = Baron | first2 = G. | last3 = Butchart | first3 = EG. | last4 = Delahaye | first4 = F. | last5 = Gohlke-Bärwolf | first5 = C. | last6 = Levang | first6 = OW. | last7 = Tornos | first7 = P. | last8 = Vanoverschelde | first8 = JL. | last9 = Vermeer | first9 = F. | title = A prospective survey of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe: The Euro Heart Survey on Valvular Heart Disease. | journal = Eur Heart J | volume = 24 | issue = 13 | pages = 1231-43 | month = Jul | year = 2003 | doi =  | PMID = 12831818 }}</ref><ref name="Roberts-2005">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Roberts | first1 = WC. | last2 = Ko | first2 = JM. | title = Frequency by decades of unicuspid, bicuspid, and tricuspid aortic valves in adults having isolated aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis, with or without associated aortic regurgitation. | journal = Circulation | volume = 111 | issue = 7 | pages = 920-5 | month = Feb | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1161/01.CIR.0000155623.48408.C5 | PMID = 15710758 }}</ref>

==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
*[[Infective endocarditis]]

===Common Causes===
*[[Calcific aortic valve disease|Calcific degeneration]]
*[[Bicuspid aortic valve|Congenital bicuspid aortic valve]] 
*[[Infective endocarditis]]
*[[Rheumatic fever]]<ref name="Lugiano-2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Lugiano | first1 = CA. | title = Aortic stenosis. | journal = JAAPA | volume = 26 | issue = 11 | pages = 46-7 | month = Nov | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1097/01.JAA.0000436518.69169.8e | PMID = 24153092 }}</ref><ref name=uas>VOC=VITIUM ORGANICUM CORDIS, a compendium of the Department of Cardiology at Uppsala Academic Hospital. By Per Kvidal September 1999, with revision by Erik Björklund May 2008</ref> 

===Causes by Location of Stenosis=== 
====Valvular Aortic Stenosis====
*Acquired <ref name="pmid12633546">{{cite journal |author=Cleland JG, Swedberg K, Follath F, Komajda M, Cohen-Solal A, Aguilar JC, Dietz R, Gavazzi A, Hobbs R, Korewicki J, Madeira HC, Moiseyev VS, Preda I, van Gilst WH, Widimsky J, Freemantle N, Eastaugh J, Mason J |title=The EuroHeart Failure survey programme-- a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 1: patient characteristics and diagnosis |journal=[[European Heart Journal]] |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=442–63 |year=2003 |month=March |pmid=12633546 |doi= |url=http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12633546 |accessdate=2012-04-11}}</ref>
**[[Alkaptonuria]]<ref name="pmid22100375">{{cite journal| author=Hannoush H, Introne WJ, Chen MY, Lee SJ, O'Brien K, Suwannarat P et al.| title=Aortic stenosis and vascular calcifications in alkaptonuria. | journal=Mol Genet Metab | year= 2012 | volume= 105 | issue= 2 | pages= 198-202 | pmid=22100375 | doi=10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.10.017 | pmc=PMC3276068 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22100375 }} </ref>
**[[Aortic sclerosis]]<ref name="Aronow-2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Aronow | first1 = WS. | title = A review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of aortic valve stenosis in elderly patients. | journal = Hosp Pract (1995) | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 66-77 | month = Oct | year = 2013 | doi = 10.3810/hp.2013.10.1082 | PMID = 24145591 }}</ref>
**[[Hyperuricemia]]
**[[Infective endocarditis]]
**[[Paget's disease]]<ref>Strickberger SA, Schulman SP, Hutchins GM. Association of Paget’s disease of bone with calcific aortic valve disease. Am J Med 1987;82:953-6.</ref>
**[[Radiation]] 
**[[Rheumatic fever]]
**[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]

*Congenital <ref name="pmid12633546">{{cite journal |author=Cleland JG, Swedberg K, Follath F, Komajda M, Cohen-Solal A, Aguilar JC, Dietz R, Gavazzi A, Hobbs R, Korewicki J, Madeira HC, Moiseyev VS, Preda I, van Gilst WH, Widimsky J, Freemantle N, Eastaugh J, Mason J |title=The EuroHeart Failure survey programme-- a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 1: patient characteristics and diagnosis |journal=[[European Heart Journal]] |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=442–63 |year=2003 |month=March |pmid=12633546 |doi= |url=http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12633546 |accessdate=2012-04-11}}</ref>
**[[3-Methylglutaconic aciduria|3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 4]]
**[[Bardet-Biedl syndrome]]
**[[Bicuspid aortic valve]]
**[[Chromosome 15q partial deletion|Chromosome 15q deletion syndromes]]
**[[Fabry's disease]]
**[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]
**[[Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm|Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm syndrome]]
**[[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|Hypoplastic aortic annulus]]<ref name="REEVE-1964">{{Cite journal | last1 = REEVE | first1 = R. | last2 = ROBINSON | first2 = SJ. | title = HYPOPLASTIC ANNULUS--AN UNUSUAL TYPE OF AORTIC STENOSIS: A REPORT OF THREE CASES IN CHILDREN. | journal = Dis Chest | volume = 45 | issue = | pages = 99-102 | month = Jan | year = 1964 | doi = | PMID = 14114644 }}</ref>
**[[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]]
**[[Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy|Mucolipidosis III gamma]]
**[[Onat syndrome]]
**[[Quadricuspid aortic valve]]
**[[Singleton-Merten syndrome]]
**[[Sweet syndrome]]
**[[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|Tricuspid aortic valve with commissural fushion]]
**[[Turner syndrome]]
**[[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|Unicuspid aortic valve]]

====Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis====
*[[Subvalvular aortic stenosis|Familial subvalvular aortic stenosis]]<ref name="Stern-2012">{{Cite journal | last1 = Stern | first1 = JA. | last2 = Meurs | first2 = KM. | last3 = Nelson | first3 = OL. | last4 = Lahmers | first4 = SM. | last5 = Lehmkuhl | first5 = LB. | title = Familial subvalvular aortic stenosis in golden retrievers: inheritance and echocardiographic findings. | journal = J Small Anim Pract | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 213-6 | month = Apr | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01187.x | PMID = 22417094 }}</ref>
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis]]

====Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis====
*[[Aortitis]]
*[[Supravalvular aortic stenosis|Familial supravalvular aortic stenosis]]<ref name="Chiarella-1989">{{Cite journal | last1 = Chiarella | first1 = F. | last2 = Bricarelli | first2 = FD. | last3 = Lupi | first3 = G. | last4 = Bellotti | first4 = P. | last5 = Domenicucci | first5 = S. | last6 = Vecchio | first6 = C. | title = Familial supravalvular aortic stenosis: a genetic study. | journal = J Med Genet | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 86-92 | month = Feb | year = 1989 | doi = | PMID = 2918546 }}</ref>
*[[Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia]]<ref name="Giannakoulas-">{{Cite journal | last1 = Giannakoulas | first1 = G. | last2 = Mouratoglou | first2 = SA. | last3 = Kelekis | first3 = A. | last4 = Hatzimiltiades | first4 = S. | last5 = Karvounis | first5 = H. | title = Supravalvular aortic stenosis in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. | journal = Hellenic J Cardiol | volume = 54 | issue = 5 | pages = 392-3 | month = | year = | doi = | PMID = 24100183 }}</ref>
*[[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]
*[[Williams syndrome]]<ref name="Deo-2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Deo | first1 = SV. | last2 = Burkhart | first2 = HM. | last3 = Dearani | first3 = JA. | last4 = Schaff | first4 = HV. | title = Supravalvar aortic stenosis: current surgical approaches and outcomes. | journal = Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther | volume = 11 | issue = 7 | pages = 879-90 | month = Jul | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1586/14779072.2013.811967 | PMID = 23895031 }}</ref>

===Causes by Age Groups===
====Under Age 70====
*[[Bicuspid aortic valve]]
*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
*[[Calcification|Degenerative calcification]]
*Uni-commissural aortic valve
*[[Hypoplasia]] of the annulus

====Over Age 70====
*[[Calcification|Degenerative calcification]]
*[[Bicuspid aortic valve]]
*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
*[[Hypoplasia]] of the annulus

===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | Age-induced calcification, [[aortic sclerosis]], [[aortitis]], [[bicuspid aortic valve]] or [[Bicuspid aortic stenosis|bicommissural aortic valve]], prosthetic aortic valve, [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|hypoplastic aortic annulus]], [[hypoplastic left heart syndrome]], [[idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis]], [[infective endocarditis]], [[quadricuspid aortic valve]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|tricuspid aortic valve with commissural fushion]] 
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Sweet syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes 
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|- 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|- 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes 
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Williams syndrome]], [[3-Methylglutaconic aciduria|3-methylglutaconic aciduria type 4]], [[alkaptonuria]], [[Bardet-Biedl syndrome]], [[Chromosome 15q partial deletion|chromosome 15q deletion syndromes]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm|familial thoracic aortic aneurysm syndrome]], [[Fryns-Van den Berghe syndrome]], [[homozygous type II hypercholesterolemia]], [[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]], [[Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy|mucolipidosis III gamma]], [[Onat syndrome]], [[Paget's disease]], [[Singleton-Merten syndrome]], [[Sweet syndrome]], [[Turner syndrome]], [[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|unicommissural aortic valve]] or [[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|unicuspid aortic valve]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aortic valve#Aortic Valve Replacement|Prosthetic aortic valve]], [[radiation]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Infective endocarditis]], [[rheumatic fever]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Paget's disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[3-Methylglutaconic aciduria|3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 4]], [[alkaptonuria]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[Fryns-Van den Berghe syndrome]], [[homozygous type II hypercholesterolemia]], [[hyperuricemia]], [[Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy|mucolipidosis III gamma]], [[ochronosis]], [[Onat syndrome]], [[Paget's disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Rheumatic fever]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|}

===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[3-Methylglutaconic aciduria|3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 4]]
*[[Alkaptonuria]]
*[[Aortic sclerosis]]
*[[Aortitis]]
*[[Bardet-Biedl syndrome]]
*[[Williams syndrome|Beuren-Williams syndrome]]
*[[Bicuspid aortic stenosis|Bicommissural aortic valve]]
*[[Bicuspid aortic valve]]
*[[Chromosome 15q partial deletion|Chromosome 15q deletion syndromes]]
*[[Fabry's disease]]
*[[Subvalvular aortic stenosis|Familial subvalvular aortic stenosis]]
*[[Supravalvular aortic stenosis|Familial supravalvular aortic stenosis]]
*[[Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm|Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm syndrome]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Fryns-Van den Berghe syndrome]]
*[[Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hyperuricemia]]
*[[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|Hypoplastic aortic annulus]]
*[[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]
*[[Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis]]
*[[Infective endocarditis]]
*[[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]]
*[[Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy|Mucolipidosis III gamma]]
*[[Ochronosis]]
*[[Onat syndrome]]
*[[Paget's disease]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Aortic valve#Aortic Valve Replacement|Prosthetic aortic valve]]
*[[Quadricuspid aortic valve]]
*[[Radiation]]
*[[Rheumatic fever]]
*[[Senile calcific aortic stenosis]]
*[[Singleton-Merten syndrome]]
*[[Sweet syndrome]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|Tricuspid aortic valve with commissural fushion]]
*[[Turner syndrome]]
*[[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|Unicommissural aortic valve]]
*[[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|Unicuspid aortic valve]]
*[[Williams syndrome]]
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Valvular heart disease]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Congenital heart disease]]
[[Category:Cardiac surgery]]
[[Category:Surgery]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}