wikidoc - Changes related to "Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al." [en]

Low back pain conservative management

2026-04-12T19:23:54Z

Mckenzie Method

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:23, 12 April 2026
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	According to a [[systematic review]] of [[randomized controlled trial]]s by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]], massage therapy, compared to inactive controls, over the short-term significantly reduced pain (SMD=0.75; large) and improved function (SMD=0.72; large).<ref name="pmid26329399">{{cite journal\| author=Furlan AD, Giraldo M, Baskwill A, Irvin E, Imamura M\| title=Massage for low-back pain. \| journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev \| year= 2015 \| volume= 9 \| issue= \| pages= CD001929 \| pmid=26329399 \| doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001929.pub3 \| pmc= \| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26329399 }} </ref> However, the Cochrane concluded "very little confidence that massage is an effective treatment".		According to a [[systematic review]] of [[randomized controlled trial]]s by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]], massage therapy, compared to inactive controls, over the short-term significantly reduced pain (SMD=0.75; large) and improved function (SMD=0.72; large).<ref name="pmid26329399">{{cite journal\| author=Furlan AD, Giraldo M, Baskwill A, Irvin E, Imamura M\| title=Massage for low-back pain. \| journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev \| year= 2015 \| volume= 9 \| issue= \| pages= CD001929 \| pmid=26329399 \| doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001929.pub3 \| pmc= \| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26329399 }} </ref> However, the Cochrane concluded "very little confidence that massage is an effective treatment".

	===~~Mckenzie Method~~===		=== Physical Therapy===
	The Mckenzie Method has been shown to be a modestly effective therapy for adults with chronic low back pain. A 2011 summary of 4 studies showed consistent significant improvement in pain and function although only one study had a large enough population to demonstrate effect sizes on pain and functional outcomes, 0.50 and 0.39 respectively.<ref name="pmid22135496">{{cite journal\| author=Dunsford A, Kumar S, Clarke S\| title=Integrating evidence into practice: use of McKenzie-based treatment for mechanical low back pain. \| journal=J Multidiscip Healthc \| year= 2011 \| volume= 4 \| issue= \| pages= 393-402 \| pmid=22135496 \| doi=10.2147/JMDH.S24733 \| pmc=PMC3215349 \| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22135496 }} </ref>		The Mckenzie Method has been shown to be a modestly effective therapy for adults with chronic low back pain. A 2011 summary of 4 studies showed consistent significant improvement in pain and function although only one study had a large enough population to demonstrate effect sizes on pain and functional outcomes, 0.50 and 0.39 respectively.<ref name="pmid22135496">{{cite journal\| author=Dunsford A, Kumar S, Clarke S\| title=Integrating evidence into practice: use of McKenzie-based treatment for mechanical low back pain. \| journal=J Multidiscip Healthc \| year= 2011 \| volume= 4 \| issue= \| pages= 393-402 \| pmid=22135496 \| doi=10.2147/JMDH.S24733 \| pmc=PMC3215349 \| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22135496 }} </ref>

			A randomized controlled trail in 2015 found minimal benefit.<ref name="v851">{{cite journal \| last1=Fritz \| first1=Julie M. \| last2=Magel \| first2=John S. \| last3=McFadden \| first3=Molly \| last4=Asche \| first4=Carl \| last5=Thackeray \| first5=Anne \| last6=Meier \| first6=Whitney \| last7=Brennan \| first7=Gerard \| title=Early Physical Therapy vs Usual Care in Patients With Recent-Onset Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial \| journal=JAMA \| volume=314 \| issue=14 \| date=2015-10-13 \| issn=0098-7484 \| doi=10.1001/jama.2015.11648 \| page=1459 \| url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2015.11648 \| access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref>

	===Pilates===		===Pilates===

Sudden cardiac death prognosis

2026-04-07T15:45:12Z

Prognosis of cardiac arrest in young athletes:

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:45, 7 April 2026
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	==Prognosis of Sudden Cardiac ~~Death~~==		==Prognosis of Sudden Cardiac Arrest Survivors==
	*Prognosis of in-hospital cardiac arrest is generally better than out-of-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to hospital discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.<ref name="ViraniAlonso2020">{{cite journal\|last1=Virani\|first1=Salim S.\|last2=Alonso\|first2=Alvaro\|last3=Benjamin\|first3=Emelia J.\|last4=Bittencourt\|first4=Marcio S.\|last5=Callaway\|first5=Clifton W.\|last6=Carson\|first6=April P.\|last7=Chamberlain\|first7=Alanna M.\|last8=Chang\|first8=Alexander R.\|last9=Cheng\|first9=Susan\|last10=Delling\|first10=Francesca N.\|last11=Djousse\|first11=Luc\|last12=Elkind\|first12=Mitchell S.V.\|last13=Ferguson\|first13=Jane F.\|last14=Fornage\|first14=Myriam\|last15=Khan\|first15=Sadiya S.\|last16=Kissela\|first16=Brett M.\|last17=Knutson\|first17=Kristen L.\|last18=Kwan\|first18=Tak W.\|last19=Lackland\|first19=Daniel T.\|last20=Lewis\|first20=Tené T.\|last21=Lichtman\|first21=Judith H.\|last22=Longenecker\|first22=Chris T.\|last23=Loop\|first23=Matthew Shane\|last24=Lutsey\|first24=Pamela L.\|last25=Martin\|first25=Seth S.\|last26=Matsushita\|first26=Kunihiro\|last27=Moran\|first27=Andrew E.\|last28=Mussolino\|first28=Michael E.\|last29=Perak\|first29=Amanda Marma\|last30=Rosamond\|first30=Wayne D.\|last31=Roth\|first31=Gregory A.\|last32=Sampson\|first32=Uchechukwu K.A.\|last33=Satou\|first33=Gary M.\|last34=Schroeder\|first34=Emily B.\|last35=Shah\|first35=Svati H.\|last36=Shay\|first36=Christina M.\|last37=Spartano\|first37=Nicole L.\|last38=Stokes\|first38=Andrew\|last39=Tirschwell\|first39=David L.\|last40=VanWagner\|first40=Lisa B.\|last41=Tsao\|first41=Connie W.\|title=Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association\|journal=Circulation\|volume=141\|issue=9\|year=2020\|issn=0009-7322\|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757}}</ref>.Survival after out of hospital cardiac arrest and in hospital cardiac arrest has continued to improve over time according to the guideline.		*Prognosis of in-hospital cardiac arrest is generally better than out-of-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to hospital discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.<ref name="ViraniAlonso2020">{{cite journal\|last1=Virani\|first1=Salim S.\|last2=Alonso\|first2=Alvaro\|last3=Benjamin\|first3=Emelia J.\|last4=Bittencourt\|first4=Marcio S.\|last5=Callaway\|first5=Clifton W.\|last6=Carson\|first6=April P.\|last7=Chamberlain\|first7=Alanna M.\|last8=Chang\|first8=Alexander R.\|last9=Cheng\|first9=Susan\|last10=Delling\|first10=Francesca N.\|last11=Djousse\|first11=Luc\|last12=Elkind\|first12=Mitchell S.V.\|last13=Ferguson\|first13=Jane F.\|last14=Fornage\|first14=Myriam\|last15=Khan\|first15=Sadiya S.\|last16=Kissela\|first16=Brett M.\|last17=Knutson\|first17=Kristen L.\|last18=Kwan\|first18=Tak W.\|last19=Lackland\|first19=Daniel T.\|last20=Lewis\|first20=Tené T.\|last21=Lichtman\|first21=Judith H.\|last22=Longenecker\|first22=Chris T.\|last23=Loop\|first23=Matthew Shane\|last24=Lutsey\|first24=Pamela L.\|last25=Martin\|first25=Seth S.\|last26=Matsushita\|first26=Kunihiro\|last27=Moran\|first27=Andrew E.\|last28=Mussolino\|first28=Michael E.\|last29=Perak\|first29=Amanda Marma\|last30=Rosamond\|first30=Wayne D.\|last31=Roth\|first31=Gregory A.\|last32=Sampson\|first32=Uchechukwu K.A.\|last33=Satou\|first33=Gary M.\|last34=Schroeder\|first34=Emily B.\|last35=Shah\|first35=Svati H.\|last36=Shay\|first36=Christina M.\|last37=Spartano\|first37=Nicole L.\|last38=Stokes\|first38=Andrew\|last39=Tirschwell\|first39=David L.\|last40=VanWagner\|first40=Lisa B.\|last41=Tsao\|first41=Connie W.\|title=Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association\|journal=Circulation\|volume=141\|issue=9\|year=2020\|issn=0009-7322\|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757}}</ref>.Survival after out of hospital cardiac arrest and in hospital cardiac arrest has continued to improve over time according to the guideline.
	*60% to 78% of young adults hospitalized after resuscitation from sudden cardiac arrest do not survive to hospital discharge.<ref>Deasy C, Bray JE, Smith K, Harriss LR, Bernard SA, Cameron P. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in young adults in Melbourne,Australia. Resuscitation. 2011;82(7):830-834. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011. 03.008</ref>,<ref name=":2" />,<ref>Fovaeus H, Holmen J, Mandalenakis Z, Herlitz J, Rawshani A, Castellheim AG.Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: survival in children and young adults over 30 years,a nationwide registry-based cohort study. Resuscitation. 2024;195:110103. doi:10.1016/ j.resuscitation.2023.110103</ref> This in-hospital mortality rate is similar to that of older adults who were resuscitated to hospitalization (≈65%).<ref>Ricceri S, Salazar JW, Vu AA, Vittinghoff E, Moffatt E, Tseng ZH. Factors predisposing to survival after resuscitation for sudden cardiac arrest. J AmColl Cardiol. 2021;77(19):2353-2362. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.03.299</ref>		*60% to 78% of young adults hospitalized after resuscitation from sudden cardiac arrest do not survive to hospital discharge.<ref>Deasy C, Bray JE, Smith K, Harriss LR, Bernard SA, Cameron P. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in young adults in Melbourne,Australia. Resuscitation. 2011;82(7):830-834. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011. 03.008</ref>,<ref name=":2" />,<ref>Fovaeus H, Holmen J, Mandalenakis Z, Herlitz J, Rawshani A, Castellheim AG.Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: survival in children and young adults over 30 years,a nationwide registry-based cohort study. Resuscitation. 2024;195:110103. doi:10.1016/ j.resuscitation.2023.110103</ref> This in-hospital mortality rate is similar to that of older adults who were resuscitated to hospitalization (≈65%).<ref>Ricceri S, Salazar JW, Vu AA, Vittinghoff E, Moffatt E, Tseng ZH. Factors predisposing to survival after resuscitation for sudden cardiac arrest. J AmColl Cardiol. 2021;77(19):2353-2362. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.03.299</ref>
			*The 10-year survival rate of sudden cardiac arrest survivors aged 40 years or younger was 90% in an Australian registry.<ref>Andrew E, Nehme Z, Wolfe R, Bernard S, Smith K. Long-term survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Heart. 2017;103(14):1104-1110. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310485</ref>The rate of recurrent arrest (both out of and in the hospital) or death in survivors aged 18 to 39 years in a Swedish registry was approximately 15% a year after the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.<ref>Hellsén G, Rawshani A, Skoglund K, et al. Predicting recurrent cardiac arrest in individuals surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2023;184:109678. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022. 109678</ref>

			One-year overall mortality of subcutaneous ICD recipients aged 15 to 34 years was 4.3% in one cohort,90 whereas the VT or VF recurrence rate estimated by subcutaneous ICD recording in secondary prevention recipients (age not reported) in a separate study was 9.9% at 1year and15.8% at 3years.<ref>Boersma LV, Barr CS, Burke MC ,et al; EFFORTLESS and IDE Study Investigators. Performance of the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with a primary prevention indication with and without a reduced ejection fraction versus patients with a secondary prevention indication. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(3): 367-375. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.11.025</ref>
	*<i><u>Factors associated poor [[prognosis]] after in-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] include</u></i>:<ref name="Chan2012">{{cite journal\|last1=Chan\|first1=Paul S.\|title=A Validated Prediction Tool for Initial Survivors of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest\|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine\|volume=172\|issue=12\|year=2012\|pages=947\|issn=0003-9926\|doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2050}}</ref><ref name="pmid21596693">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Ebell MH, Afonso AM \|title=Pre-arrest predictors of failure to survive after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a meta-analysis \|journal=Fam Pract \|volume=28 \|issue=5 \|pages=505–15 \|date=October 2011 \|pmid=21596693 \|doi=10.1093/fampra/cmr023 \|url=}}</ref>		*<i><u>Factors associated poor [[prognosis]] after in-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] include</u></i>:<ref name="Chan2012">{{cite journal\|last1=Chan\|first1=Paul S.\|title=A Validated Prediction Tool for Initial Survivors of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest\|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine\|volume=172\|issue=12\|year=2012\|pages=947\|issn=0003-9926\|doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2050}}</ref><ref name="pmid21596693">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Ebell MH, Afonso AM \|title=Pre-arrest predictors of failure to survive after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a meta-analysis \|journal=Fam Pract \|volume=28 \|issue=5 \|pages=505–15 \|date=October 2011 \|pmid=21596693 \|doi=10.1093/fampra/cmr023 \|url=}}</ref>
	:*Age > 70 years old		:*Age > 70 years old
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	:* Women between 15-45 years old<ref name="pmid20228684">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Topjian AA, Localio AR, Berg RA, Alessandrini EA, Meaney PA, Pepe PE, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA, Becker LB, Nadkarni VM \|title=Women of child-bearing age have better inhospital cardiac arrest survival outcomes than do equal-aged men \|journal=Crit Care Med \|volume=38 \|issue=5 \|pages=1254–60 \|date=May 2010 \|pmid=20228684 \|pmc=3934212 \|doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d8ca43 \|url=}}</ref>		:* Women between 15-45 years old<ref name="pmid20228684">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Topjian AA, Localio AR, Berg RA, Alessandrini EA, Meaney PA, Pepe PE, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA, Becker LB, Nadkarni VM \|title=Women of child-bearing age have better inhospital cardiac arrest survival outcomes than do equal-aged men \|journal=Crit Care Med \|volume=38 \|issue=5 \|pages=1254–60 \|date=May 2010 \|pmid=20228684 \|pmc=3934212 \|doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d8ca43 \|url=}}</ref>
	:*Rapid intervention with a [[defibrillator]] increases [[survival rates]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Eisenberg MS, Mengert TJ \|title=Cardiac resuscitation \|journal=N. Engl. J. Med. \|volume=344 \|issue=17 \|pages=1304–13 \|year=2001 \|month=April \|pmid=11320390 \|doi= \|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=11320390&promo=ONFLNS19}}</ref><ref name="pmid12826637">{{cite journal \|author=Bunch TJ, White RD, Gersh BJ, ''et al'' \|title=Long-term outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after successful early defibrillation \|journal=N. Engl. J. Med. \|volume=348 \|issue=26 \|pages=2626–33 \|year=2003 \|month=June \|pmid=12826637 \|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa023053 \|url=}}</ref>		:*Rapid intervention with a [[defibrillator]] increases [[survival rates]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Eisenberg MS, Mengert TJ \|title=Cardiac resuscitation \|journal=N. Engl. J. Med. \|volume=344 \|issue=17 \|pages=1304–13 \|year=2001 \|month=April \|pmid=11320390 \|doi= \|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=11320390&promo=ONFLNS19}}</ref><ref name="pmid12826637">{{cite journal \|author=Bunch TJ, White RD, Gersh BJ, ''et al'' \|title=Long-term outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after successful early defibrillation \|journal=N. Engl. J. Med. \|volume=348 \|issue=26 \|pages=2626–33 \|year=2003 \|month=June \|pmid=12826637 \|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa023053 \|url=}}</ref>

			==== Prognosis of cardiac arrest in young athletes: ====

			* 58% survival rate was reported by the US Commotio Cordis Registry in 216 persons with sudden cardiac arrest due to commotio cordis (cardiac arrest due to VF triggered by blunt chest trauma) (age range, 0.2-51 years;mean,15years, 95% male) from 2006 through 2012.<ref name=":9">Maron BJ, Haas TS, Ahluwalia A, Garberich RF, Estes NA III, Link MS. Increasing survival rate from commotio cordis.HeartRhythm.2013;10(2):219-223. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.10.034</ref>
			* Prompt resuscitation and participation in organized competitive sports was associated with higher survival rates. Multivariate analysis identified participation in recreational sports with lower survival (odds ratio [OR] compared with organized competitive sports, 0.33; 95%CI,0.16-0.67) and onsite automated external defibrillator with higher survival (OR, 4.61; 95% CI, 1.43-14.88).<ref name=":9" />
			* Individuals aged 18 to 35 years with sports-related sudden cardiac arrest in Germany and France showed improved survival to hospital discharge with public automated external defibrillator use prior to EMS arrival (OR, 6.25; 95% CI, 1.48 43.20); individuals with sudden cardiac arrest who received both immediate bystander CPR and automated external defibrillator had 91%survival.<ref>Bohm P, Meyer T, Narayanan K, et al. Sports-related sudden cardiac arrest in young adults. Europace. 2023;25(2):627-633. doi:10.1093/ europace/euac172</ref>
			* A recent meta-analysis demonstrated that in sports related sudden cardiac arrest, bystander presence (OR, 2.55; 95%CI, 1.48-4.37), bystander CPR (OR, 3.84; 95% CI, 2.36-6.25), and bystander automated external defibrillator use (OR, 5.25; 95%CI,3.58-7.70) were associated with improved survival.<ref>Michelland L, Murad MH, Bougouin W, et al. Association between basic life support and survival in sports-related sudden cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(3):180-192. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac586</ref>

	==References==		==References==

Sudden cardiac death post arrest care and prevention

2026-04-05T12:33:04Z

2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrythymias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death [2]

Show changes

Sudden cardiac death prognosis

2026-04-04T14:11:53Z

Prognosis of Sudden Cardiac Death

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:11, 4 April 2026
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	* [[Prognosis]] of in-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] is generally better than out-of- hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to [[hospital]] discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.		* [[Prognosis]] of in-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] is generally better than out-of- hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to [[hospital]] discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.
	* A retrospective cohort study from the CARES registry reported 101968 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the US between 2006 and 2013, approximately 6% of the incidents occurred among individuals between 20 through 39 years; survival rate to hospital discharge ranged from 11%(30-39years) to 16%(20-24years).<ref name=":0">Andersen LW, Bivens MJ,Giberson T,et al. The relationship between age and outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation. 2015;94:49-54. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.05. 015</ref> Approximately 85% to 95% of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors were discharged with good neurological outcome, as defined by a Cerebral Performance Categories scale of 1 or 2.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">Gustafsson L, Rawshani A,Råmunddal T, et al. Characteristics, survival and neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in young adults in Sweden:a nationwide study. Resusc Plus. 2023;16:100503.doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2023.100503</ref>		* A retrospective cohort study from the CARES registry reported 101968 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the US between 2006 and 2013, approximately 6% of the incidents occurred among individuals between 20 through 39 years; survival rate to hospital discharge ranged from 11%(30-39years) to 16%(20-24years).<ref name=":0">Andersen LW, Bivens MJ,Giberson T,et al. The relationship between age and outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation. 2015;94:49-54. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.05. 015</ref> Approximately 85% to 95% of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors were discharged with good neurological outcome, as defined by a Cerebral Performance Categories scale of 1 or 2.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">Gustafsson L, Rawshani A,Råmunddal T, et al. Characteristics, survival and neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in young adults in Sweden:a nationwide study. Resusc Plus. 2023;16:100503.doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2023.100503</ref>
	* The overall survival rate of young adults experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was 9% in a US study from 2005 through 2007 involving 665 persons aged 20 through 39 years, and increased to 34.8% for those with bystander-witnessed VT or VF who were more likely to receive prompt initial cardiopulmonary resus citation (CPR) or automated external defibrillator use.<ref>Rea TD, Cook AJ, Stiell IG, et al; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Predicting survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: role of the Utstein data elements. AnnEmergMed.2010; 55(3):249-257. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009. 09.018</ref>		* The overall survival rate of young adults experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was 9% in a US study from 2005 through 2007 involving 665 persons aged 20 through 39 years, and increased to 34.8% for those with bystander-witnessed VT or VF who were more likely to receive prompt initial cardiopulmonary resus citation (CPR) or automated external defibrillator use.<ref name=":2">Rea TD, Cook AJ, Stiell IG, et al; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Predicting survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: role of the Utstein data elements. AnnEmergMed.2010; 55(3):249-257. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009. 09.018</ref>
	* In an Australian registry conducted between 2000 and 2009 involving 3912 patients with ages between 16 and 39 years with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,the survival rate was 8.8%.<ref name=":1" />		* In an Australian registry conducted between 2000 and 2009 involving 3912 patients with ages between 16 and 39 years with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,the survival rate was 8.8%.<ref name=":1" />

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	==Prognosis of Sudden Cardiac Death==		==Prognosis of Sudden Cardiac Death==
	*Prognosis of in-hospital cardiac arrest is generally better than out-of-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to hospital discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.<ref name="ViraniAlonso2020">{{cite journal\|last1=Virani\|first1=Salim S.\|last2=Alonso\|first2=Alvaro\|last3=Benjamin\|first3=Emelia J.\|last4=Bittencourt\|first4=Marcio S.\|last5=Callaway\|first5=Clifton W.\|last6=Carson\|first6=April P.\|last7=Chamberlain\|first7=Alanna M.\|last8=Chang\|first8=Alexander R.\|last9=Cheng\|first9=Susan\|last10=Delling\|first10=Francesca N.\|last11=Djousse\|first11=Luc\|last12=Elkind\|first12=Mitchell S.V.\|last13=Ferguson\|first13=Jane F.\|last14=Fornage\|first14=Myriam\|last15=Khan\|first15=Sadiya S.\|last16=Kissela\|first16=Brett M.\|last17=Knutson\|first17=Kristen L.\|last18=Kwan\|first18=Tak W.\|last19=Lackland\|first19=Daniel T.\|last20=Lewis\|first20=Tené T.\|last21=Lichtman\|first21=Judith H.\|last22=Longenecker\|first22=Chris T.\|last23=Loop\|first23=Matthew Shane\|last24=Lutsey\|first24=Pamela L.\|last25=Martin\|first25=Seth S.\|last26=Matsushita\|first26=Kunihiro\|last27=Moran\|first27=Andrew E.\|last28=Mussolino\|first28=Michael E.\|last29=Perak\|first29=Amanda Marma\|last30=Rosamond\|first30=Wayne D.\|last31=Roth\|first31=Gregory A.\|last32=Sampson\|first32=Uchechukwu K.A.\|last33=Satou\|first33=Gary M.\|last34=Schroeder\|first34=Emily B.\|last35=Shah\|first35=Svati H.\|last36=Shay\|first36=Christina M.\|last37=Spartano\|first37=Nicole L.\|last38=Stokes\|first38=Andrew\|last39=Tirschwell\|first39=David L.\|last40=VanWagner\|first40=Lisa B.\|last41=Tsao\|first41=Connie W.\|title=Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association\|journal=Circulation\|volume=141\|issue=9\|year=2020\|issn=0009-7322\|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757}}</ref>.Survival after out of hospital cardiac arrest and in hospital cardiac arrest has continued to improve over time according to the guideline.		*Prognosis of in-hospital cardiac arrest is generally better than out-of-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to hospital discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.<ref name="ViraniAlonso2020">{{cite journal\|last1=Virani\|first1=Salim S.\|last2=Alonso\|first2=Alvaro\|last3=Benjamin\|first3=Emelia J.\|last4=Bittencourt\|first4=Marcio S.\|last5=Callaway\|first5=Clifton W.\|last6=Carson\|first6=April P.\|last7=Chamberlain\|first7=Alanna M.\|last8=Chang\|first8=Alexander R.\|last9=Cheng\|first9=Susan\|last10=Delling\|first10=Francesca N.\|last11=Djousse\|first11=Luc\|last12=Elkind\|first12=Mitchell S.V.\|last13=Ferguson\|first13=Jane F.\|last14=Fornage\|first14=Myriam\|last15=Khan\|first15=Sadiya S.\|last16=Kissela\|first16=Brett M.\|last17=Knutson\|first17=Kristen L.\|last18=Kwan\|first18=Tak W.\|last19=Lackland\|first19=Daniel T.\|last20=Lewis\|first20=Tené T.\|last21=Lichtman\|first21=Judith H.\|last22=Longenecker\|first22=Chris T.\|last23=Loop\|first23=Matthew Shane\|last24=Lutsey\|first24=Pamela L.\|last25=Martin\|first25=Seth S.\|last26=Matsushita\|first26=Kunihiro\|last27=Moran\|first27=Andrew E.\|last28=Mussolino\|first28=Michael E.\|last29=Perak\|first29=Amanda Marma\|last30=Rosamond\|first30=Wayne D.\|last31=Roth\|first31=Gregory A.\|last32=Sampson\|first32=Uchechukwu K.A.\|last33=Satou\|first33=Gary M.\|last34=Schroeder\|first34=Emily B.\|last35=Shah\|first35=Svati H.\|last36=Shay\|first36=Christina M.\|last37=Spartano\|first37=Nicole L.\|last38=Stokes\|first38=Andrew\|last39=Tirschwell\|first39=David L.\|last40=VanWagner\|first40=Lisa B.\|last41=Tsao\|first41=Connie W.\|title=Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association\|journal=Circulation\|volume=141\|issue=9\|year=2020\|issn=0009-7322\|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757}}</ref>.Survival after out of hospital cardiac arrest and in hospital cardiac arrest has continued to improve over time according to the guideline.
			*60% to 78% of young adults hospitalized after resuscitation from sudden cardiac arrest do not survive to hospital discharge.<ref>Deasy C, Bray JE, Smith K, Harriss LR, Bernard SA, Cameron P. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in young adults in Melbourne,Australia. Resuscitation. 2011;82(7):830-834. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011. 03.008</ref>,<ref name=":2" />,<ref>Fovaeus H, Holmen J, Mandalenakis Z, Herlitz J, Rawshani A, Castellheim AG.Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: survival in children and young adults over 30 years,a nationwide registry-based cohort study. Resuscitation. 2024;195:110103. doi:10.1016/ j.resuscitation.2023.110103</ref> This in-hospital mortality rate is similar to that of older adults who were resuscitated to hospitalization (≈65%).<ref>Ricceri S, Salazar JW, Vu AA, Vittinghoff E, Moffatt E, Tseng ZH. Factors predisposing to survival after resuscitation for sudden cardiac arrest. J AmColl Cardiol. 2021;77(19):2353-2362. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.03.299</ref>

Pulmonary embolism treatment approach

2026-04-02T17:31:19Z

Show changes

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia medical therapy

2026-03-29T23:42:06Z

Flowchart:

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 *Maintenance treatment
 *Follow-up therapy
 ==Induction chemotherapy==

Sudden cardiac death prognosis

2026-03-29T05:33:11Z

Natural History of Sudden Cardiac Death

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	{{Sudden cardiac death}}		{{Sudden cardiac death}}

	{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{EdzelCo}}		{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{EdzelCo}} {{Nehal}}
	==Overview==		==Overview==
	* [[Sudden cardiac arrest]] ([[SCA]]) occurs due to sudden disturbance in [[cardiac electrical propagation]] or failure of the [[heart]] to pumping the [[blood]] into vital [[organs]].		* [[Sudden cardiac arrest]] ([[SCA]]) occurs due to sudden disturbance in [[cardiac electrical propagation]] or failure of the [[heart]] to pumping the [[blood]] into vital [[organs]].
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	* Prompt [[treatment]] is needed to prevent [[death]] which may occur within minutes to weeks, and prevent serious [[complications]].		* Prompt [[treatment]] is needed to prevent [[death]] which may occur within minutes to weeks, and prevent serious [[complications]].
	* [[Prognosis]] of in-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] is generally better than out-of- hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to [[hospital]] discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.		* [[Prognosis]] of in-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] is generally better than out-of- hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to [[hospital]] discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.
			* A retrospective cohort study from the CARES registry reported 101968 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the US between 2006 and 2013, approximately 6% of the incidents occurred among individuals between 20 through 39 years; survival rate to hospital discharge ranged from 11%(30-39years) to 16%(20-24years).<ref name=":0">Andersen LW, Bivens MJ,Giberson T,et al. The relationship between age and outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation. 2015;94:49-54. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.05. 015</ref> Approximately 85% to 95% of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors were discharged with good neurological outcome, as defined by a Cerebral Performance Categories scale of 1 or 2.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">Gustafsson L, Rawshani A,Råmunddal T, et al. Characteristics, survival and neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in young adults in Sweden:a nationwide study. Resusc Plus. 2023;16:100503.doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2023.100503</ref>
			* The overall survival rate of young adults experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was 9% in a US study from 2005 through 2007 involving 665 persons aged 20 through 39 years, and increased to 34.8% for those with bystander-witnessed VT or VF who were more likely to receive prompt initial cardiopulmonary resus citation (CPR) or automated external defibrillator use.<ref>Rea TD, Cook AJ, Stiell IG, et al; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Predicting survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: role of the Utstein data elements. AnnEmergMed.2010; 55(3):249-257. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009. 09.018</ref>
			* In an Australian registry conducted between 2000 and 2009 involving 3912 patients with ages between 16 and 39 years with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,the survival rate was 8.8%.<ref name=":1" />

	==Natural History of Sudden Cardiac Death==		==Natural History of Sudden Cardiac Death==

Sudden cardiac death post arrest care and prevention

2026-03-29T00:25:26Z

Overview

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	__NOTOC__		__NOTOC__
	{{Sudden cardiac death}}		{{Sudden cardiac death}}
	{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{EdzelCo}}		{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{EdzelCo}} {{Nehal}}

	See also [[Post cardiac arrest syndrome care pathway]]		See also [[Post cardiac arrest syndrome care pathway]]
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	==Overview==		==Overview==
	*Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of [[sudden cardiac death]] ([[SCD]]) in individuals who are at risk of [[SCD]] but have not yet experienced an aborted [[cardiac arrest]] or [[life-threatening arrhythmias]] include [[implantable cardioverter defibrillator]] ([[ICD]]) based on the guideline.		*Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of [[sudden cardiac death]] ([[SCD]]) in individuals who are at risk of [[SCD]] but have not yet experienced an aborted [[cardiac arrest]] or [[life-threatening arrhythmias]] include [[implantable cardioverter defibrillator]] ([[ICD]]) based on the guideline.
	*[[Secondary prevention]] strategy following aborted sudden cardiac death include [[revascularization]] in patients with [[ischemic heart disease]] and [[ICD]] implantation in patients with reduced [[left ventricular ejection fraction]] who had an experience of lethal [[arrhythmia]].		*[[Secondary prevention]] strategy following aborted sudden cardiac death include [[revascularization]] in patients with [[ischemic heart disease]] and [[ICD]] implantation in patients with reduced [[left ventricular ejection fraction]] who had an experience of lethal [[arrhythmia]].
	*The optimal approach to prevention of [[SCD]] following [[ST-elevation MI]] ([[STEMI]]) has been evaluated in multiple randomized trials. In general, [[post-STEMI]] [[patients ]]should be treated with evidence-based therapies that have been associated with a reduction in [[SCD]] including [[beta-blockers]], [[ACE-inhibitors]] (or [[ARB]]s in [[patients]] who are [[ACEI]] intolerant) and [[statins]].		*The optimal approach to prevention of [[SCD]] following [[ST-elevation MI]] ([[STEMI]]) has been evaluated in multiple randomized trials. In general, [[post-STEMI]] [[patients ]]should be treated with evidence-based therapies that have been associated with a reduction in [[SCD]] including [[beta-blockers]], [[ACE-inhibitors]] (or [[ARB]]s in [[patients]] who are [[ACEI]] intolerant) and [[statins]].
	*In [[patients]] who have symptomatic [[congestive heart failure]] ([[CHF]]), an [[aldosterone antagonist]] may be a reasonable additional therapy. Despite the intuitive benefits of [[antiarrhythmic]], [[amiodarone]] and [[sotalol]] have not been shown to reduce all-cause [[mortality]] following [[STEMI]], although [[amiodarone]] may be useful in reducing the frequency of [[shocks]] in [[patients]] with [[ICD]]s who have unacceptably high rates of [[shock]].		*In [[patients]] who have symptomatic [[congestive heart failure]] ([[CHF]]), an [[aldosterone antagonist]] may be a reasonable additional therapy. Despite the intuitive benefits of [[antiarrhythmic]], [[amiodarone]] and [[sotalol]] have not been shown to reduce all-cause [[mortality]] following [[STEMI]], although [[amiodarone]] may be useful in reducing the frequency of [[shocks]] in [[patients]] with [[ICD]]s who have unacceptably high rates of [[shock]].
	*In general terms, [[ICD placement]] is indicated in those [[patients]] with a reduced [[left ventricular]] [[ejection fraction]] at 40 days [[post-MI]] and/or 3 months following [[revascularization]] ([[PCI]] or [[CABG]]) for [[STEMI]] given the survival benefits in this population.		*In general terms, [[ICD placement]] is indicated in those [[patients]] with a reduced [[left ventricular]] [[ejection fraction]] at 40 days [[post-MI]] and/or 3 months following [[revascularization]] ([[PCI]] or [[CABG]]) for [[STEMI]] given the survival benefits in this population.
			*In absence of noncardiac or reversible causes, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is recommended because of the high risk of recurrent lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Adjunctive therapy (eg, amiodarone, catheter ablation) and lifestyle modifications for certain genetic arrhythmia syndromes may reduce ventricular arrhythmia recurrence after ICD placement.

	== Prevention ==		== Prevention ==

Industrial and organizational psychology

2026-03-28T17:39:31Z

Workforce well-being

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	Workforce wellbeing has been described as a combination states, "job satisfaction, work engagement, and lower burnout"<ref name="BroeckVansteenkisteWitte2010">{{cite journal \| last1 = Broeck \| first1 = Anja \| last2 = Vansteenkiste \| first2 = Maarten \| last3 = Witte \| first3 = Hans \| last4 = Soenens \| first4 = Bart \| last5 = Lens \| first5 = Willy \| title = Capturing autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work: Construction and initial validation of the Work-related Basic Need Satisfaction scale \| journal = Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology \| date = December 2010 \| volume = 83 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 981–1002 \| issn = 0963-1798 \| doi = 10.1348/096317909X481382 \| pmid = \| url = }}</ref>.		Workforce wellbeing has been described as a combination states, "job satisfaction, work engagement, and lower burnout"<ref name="BroeckVansteenkisteWitte2010">{{cite journal \| last1 = Broeck \| first1 = Anja \| last2 = Vansteenkiste \| first2 = Maarten \| last3 = Witte \| first3 = Hans \| last4 = Soenens \| first4 = Bart \| last5 = Lens \| first5 = Willy \| title = Capturing autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work: Construction and initial validation of the Work-related Basic Need Satisfaction scale \| journal = Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology \| date = December 2010 \| volume = 83 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 981–1002 \| issn = 0963-1798 \| doi = 10.1348/096317909X481382 \| pmid = \| url = }}</ref>.

			* [[Well-being\|Well-being]]
	* [[Flourishing(psychology)\|Flourishing]]		* [[Flourishing(psychology)\|Flourishing]]
	* [[Thriving (psychology)\|Thriving]]		* [[Thriving (psychology)\|Thriving]]
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	Outcomes of these states are discussed in the separate "Outcomes" section below this.		Outcomes of these states are discussed in the separate "Outcomes" section below this.

			===Workforce well-being ===
			The National Academies in 2019 and 2024 defined Professional well-being is a “function of being satisfied with one’s job, finding meaning in work, feeling engaged at work, having a high-quality working life, and finding professional fulfillment in work."<ref name = "NA2019">{{cite book \| vauthors=Committee on Systems Approaches to Improve Patient Care by Supporting Clinician Well-Being, National Academy of Medicine, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine \| date=2 December 2019 \| title=Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being \| publisher=National Academies Press \| url=https://www.nationalacademies.org/publications/25521 \| doi=10.17226/25521 \| isbn=978-0-309-49547-9}}</ref><ref name="NA2024">{{cite book \| vauthors=Action Collaborative on Clinician Well-Being and Resilience, National Academy of Medicine \| veditors=((Dzau, V. J.)), ((Kirch, D.)), ((Murthy, V.)), ((Nasca, T.)) \| date=28 February 2024 \| title=National Plan for Health Workforce Well-Being \| publisher=National Academies Press \| url=https://www.nationalacademies.org/publications/26744 \| doi=10.17226/26744 \| isbn=978-0-309-69467-4}}
			</ref>

			Earlier, in 1999, Danna summarized literature to date but did not synthesize a final definition<ref name="i345">{{cite journal \| last1=Danna \| first1=Karen \| last2=Griffin \| first2=Ricky W. \| title=Health and Well-Being in the Workplace: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature \| journal=Journal of Management \| volume=25 \| issue=3 \| date=1999 \| issn=0149-2063 \| doi=10.1177/014920639902500305 \| pages=357–384 \| url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/014920639902500305 \| access-date=2026-03-28}}</ref>

	===Flourishing===		===Flourishing===

Malaria prevention

2026-03-15T20:31:00Z

Challenges against preventive measures

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	**Spraying insecticides inside houses		**Spraying insecticides inside houses
	**Draining standing water where mosquitoes lay their eggs		**Draining standing water where mosquitoes lay their eggs


			===Challenges against preventive measures===
			*Vector Control:
			Mosquitos are developing resistance to insecticides particularly the pyrethroid compounds and this is very prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa.resistance to pyrethroids, organochlorines ,carbamates and organophosphate compounds is well known in many regions.
			To overcome this obstacle the use of bed nets treated with multiple chemical compounds is recommended in areas with known resistance.
			Furthermore it is identified that there is a shift in the feeding behaviours of the vectors which poses a challenge by reducing the efficacy of indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets.
			Lack of effective strategy that targets biting mosquitoes is another challenge.

			*Human and Zoonotic reservoirs:
			One of the biggest challenges to malaria control and prevention programs is asymptomatic infection as this serves as a major reservoir for ongoing transmission.The use of mass drug administration to eliminate the reservoir of infection in humans can be considered in regions in which malaria is endemic but the reduction in transmission is not sustained when the mass drug administration is discontinued.
			P.Knowlesi has zoonotic reservoirs which presents challenges of its own that require new control interventions to achieve eradication.

	==Policy Implementation and Access to Anti-Malarial Drugs in Developing Countries==		==Policy Implementation and Access to Anti-Malarial Drugs in Developing Countries==

Malaria future or investigational therapies

2026-03-15T20:03:08Z

PfSPZ: Malaria Vaccine

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:03, 15 March 2026
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	===PfSPZ: Malaria Vaccine===		===PfSPZ: Malaria Vaccine===
	In May 2009, Sanaria Inc. launched a phase 1/2a trial involving 80 healthy volunteers in collaboration with MVI to assess the safety of a newly developed vaccine for malaria, PfSPZ.<ref name=Vaccine>{{cite web \|url=http://www.malariavaccine.org/files/MVIfactsheet_Sanaria_110106_000.pdf \|title= Vaccine candidates \|date= 2010 \|website= malariavaccine.org\|publisher=Malaria Vaccine Initiative\|accessdate=Jul 24 2014}}</ref> Although no safety concerns were raised in the initial reports, the protective efficacy of the drug may require further improvement.<ref name=Vaccine>{{cite web \|url=http://www.malariavaccine.org/files/MVIfactsheet_Sanaria_110106_000.pdf \|title= Vaccine candidates \|date= 2010 \|website= malariavaccine.org\|publisher=Malaria Vaccine Initiative\|accessdate=Jul 24 2014}}</ref>		In May 2009, Sanaria Inc. launched a phase 1/2a trial involving 80 healthy volunteers in collaboration with MVI to assess the safety of a newly developed vaccine for malaria, PfSPZ.<ref name=Vaccine>{{cite web \|url=http://www.malariavaccine.org/files/MVIfactsheet_Sanaria_110106_000.pdf \|title= Vaccine candidates \|date= 2010 \|website= malariavaccine.org\|publisher=Malaria Vaccine Initiative\|accessdate=Jul 24 2014}}</ref> Although no safety concerns were raised in the initial reports, the protective efficacy of the drug may require further improvement.<ref name=Vaccine>{{cite web \|url=http://www.malariavaccine.org/files/MVIfactsheet_Sanaria_110106_000.pdf \|title= Vaccine candidates \|date= 2010 \|website= malariavaccine.org\|publisher=Malaria Vaccine Initiative\|accessdate=Jul 24 2014}}</ref>



			===Monoclonal Antibodies===
			Monoclonal antibodies against circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium Falciparum are being developed to prevent P.falciparum malaria in areas where it is endemic.
			These antibodies can provide a reliable level of protection especially in vulnerable populations and subcutaneous formulations are being developed which could facilitate a broader use of this approach.

	==References==		==References==

Malaria natural history, complications, and prognosis

2026-03-15T19:52:12Z

Severe Malaria

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 ===Severe Malaria===
 Severe malaria occurs when [[infections]] are complicated by serious [[organ failure]] or abnormalities in the patient's [[blood]] or [[metabolism]]. Severe malaria is a medical emergency and should be treated urgently and aggressively.<ref name=CDC> Malaria, Disease. CDC. Accessed on 07/24/2014 </ref>
 ===Malaria Relapse===