Nocturnin

2018-12-29T01:39:58Z

2604:2000:1540:C2F3:798C:A0D1:4763:9DEA: /* Structure */

{{Infobox_gene}}

Nocturnin is a human [[hydrolase]] enzyme that is involved in metabolism and its expression is controlled by the rhythmic [[circadian clock]]. It is encoded by the NOCT gene located on chromosome 4. Nocturnin contains a c-terminal structural domain of the [[Endonuclease/Exonuclease/phosphatase family]].

The ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' [[ortholog]] of Nocturnin is Curled. [[Gene knockout|Knockouts]] of Curled lead to the curled wing [[phenotype]] in fruit flies. The curled wing phenotype was first discovered by [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] in 1915.<ref name="Gronke">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gronke S, Bickmeyer I, Wunderlich R, Jackle H, Kuhnlein RP| doi = 10.1534/genetics.109.105601 | title = curled Encodes the Drosophila Homolog of the Vertebrate Circadian Deadenylase Nocturnin| journal = [[Genetics]] | volume = 183 | issue = 1 | pages = 219–232 | year = 2009 | pmid = | jstor = }}</ref> In mice the Nocturnin ortholog is responsible for controlling diet and weight-gain, knockout mice do not gain weight when placed on a high-fat diet, when compared to normal mice containing Nocturnin.<ref name="Green 2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Green CB, Douris N, Kojima S, Strayer CA, Fogerty J, Lourim D, Keller SR, Besharse JC| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0702448104| title = Loss of Nocturnin, a circadian deadenylase, confers resistance to hepatic steatosis and diet-induced obesity.| journal = [[PNAS]] | volume = 104 | issue = 23 | pages = 9,888–93 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17517647 | jstor = }}</ref> In mice it has also been shown that Nocturnin is rhythmically expressed even when mice are placed in complete darkness, demonstrating that Nocturnin expression is driven by our body's internal clock.<ref name="Wang">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang Y, Osterbur DL, Megaw PL, Tosini G, Fukuhara C, Green CB, Besharse JC| doi = 10.1186/1471-213X-1-9| title = Rhythmic expression of Nocturnin mRNA in multiple tissues of the mouse| journal = [[BMC Developmental Biology]] | volume = 1 | issue = 9 | pages = | year = 2001 | pmid = 11394964| jstor = }}</ref>

==Enzymatic activity==

Nocturnin was previously thought to [[deadenylation|deadenylate]] [[mRNA|mRNAs]] of metabolic genes,<ref name="Baggs">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baggs JE, Green CB| doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00014-9| title =Nocturnin, a Deadenylase in Xenopus laevis Retina| journal = [[Current Biology]] | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 189-198| year = 2003 | pmid = | jstor = }}</ref> but two studies in 2018 demonstrated that Nocturnin does not directly posses [[ribonuclease]] activity.<ref name="Estrella 2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Estrella MA, Du J, Korennykh A| doi = 10.1038/s41598-018-34615-0| title =Crystal Structure of Human Nocturnin Catalytic Domain| journal = [[Scientific Reports]] | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = | year = 2018 | pmid = 30389976| jstor = }}</ref><ref name="Abshire 2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abshire ET, Chasseur J, Bohn JA, Del Rizzo PA, Freddolino PL, Goldstrohm AC, Trievel RC| doi = 10.1093/nar/gky412| title = The structure of human Nocturnin reveals a conserved ribonuclease domain that represses target transcript translation and abundance in cells| journal = [[Nucleic Acids Research]] | volume = 46 | issue = 12 | pages = | year = 2018 | pmid = | jstor = }}</ref>

==Structure==
Nocturnin contains a c-terminal structural domain of the [[Endonuclease/Exonuclease/phosphatase family]]. Its fold is similar to that of [[Deoxyribonuclease I|DNase I]], [[AP endonuclease]], [[INPP5B]], [[Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase]], [[TDP2]], [[PDE12]], and [[CNOT6L]].

Five conserved catalytic residues help coordinate a Magnesium atom, which participates in the putative hydrolase reaction of Nocturnin.

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Enzymes of known structure]]

[[Category:Genes on human chromosome 4]]

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Nocturnin