West nile virus risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
[[Risk factor]]s for [[infection]] with West Nile virus include: | [[Risk factor]]s for [[infection]] with West Nile virus include: | ||
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absence of intact window/door screens is a likely risk factor for exposure to mosquito bites.<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = Epidemic/epizootic West Nile virus in the United States : guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control. 3rd revision | url = http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/7271 }}</ref><ref name="CampbellMarfin2002">{{cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=Grant L|last2=Marfin|first2=Anthony A|last3=Lanciotti|first3=Robert S|last4=Gubler|first4=Duane J|title=West Nile virus|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=2|issue=9|year=2002|pages=519–529|issn=14733099|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00368-7}}</ref> | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absence of intact window/door screens is a likely risk factor for exposure to mosquito bites.<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = Epidemic/epizootic West Nile virus in the United States : guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control. 3rd revision | url = http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/7271 }}</ref><ref name="CampbellMarfin2002">{{cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=Grant L|last2=Marfin|first2=Anthony A|last3=Lanciotti|first3=Robert S|last4=Gubler|first4=Duane J|title=West Nile virus|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=2|issue=9|year=2002|pages=519–529|issn=14733099|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00368-7}}</ref> | ||
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''''' | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Warmer temperatures''' | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Associated with higher periods of [[incidence]] of disease due to shorter [[incubation period]]s of the virus in mosquitoes, and increased efficiency of viral [[transmission]] to birds.<ref name="pmid19654911">{{cite journal| author=Soverow JE, Wellenius GA, Fisman DN, Mittleman MA| title=Infectious disease in a warming world: how weather influenced West Nile virus in the United States (2001-2005). | journal=Environ Health Perspect | year= 2009 | volume= 117 | issue= 7 | pages= 1049-52 | pmid=19654911 | doi=10.1289/ehp.0800487 | pmc=PMC2717128 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19654911 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18584026">{{cite journal| author=Kilpatrick AM, Meola MA, Moudy RM, Kramer LD| title=Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes. | journal=PLoS Pathog | year= 2008 | volume= 4 | issue= 6 | pages= e1000092 | pmid=18584026 | doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1000092 | pmc=PMC2430533 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18584026 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16619616">{{cite journal| author=Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM| title=Effects of temperature on the transmission of west nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). | journal=J Med Entomol | year= 2006 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 309-17 | pmid=16619616 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16619616 }} </ref> | ||
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | ''' | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Regional factors''' | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
*Agricultural lands<ref name="pmid21292890">{{cite journal| author=Bowden SE, Magori K, Drake JM| title=Regional differences in the association between land cover and West Nile virus disease incidence in humans in the United States. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 2011 | volume= 84 | issue= 2 | pages= 234-8 | pmid=21292890 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0134 | pmc=PMC3029173 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21292890 }} </ref> | |||
*Irrigated terrains<ref name="pmid22607071">{{cite journal| author=DeGroote JP, Sugumaran R| title=National and regional associations between human West Nile virus incidence and demographic, landscape, and land use conditions in the coterminous United States. | journal=Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 12 | issue= 8 | pages= 657-65 | pmid=22607071 | doi=10.1089/vbz.2011.0786 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22607071 }} </ref> | |||
*Heavy rain periods<ref name="pmid17867908">{{cite journal| author=Landesman WJ, Allan BF, Langerhans RB, Knight TM, Chase JM| title=Inter-annual associations between precipitation and human incidence of West Nile virus in the United States. | journal=Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 7 | issue= 3 | pages= 337-43 | pmid=17867908 | doi=10.1089/vbz.2006.0590 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17867908 }} </ref> | |||
*Weak rain periods<ref name="pmid17867908">{{cite journal| author=Landesman WJ, Allan BF, Langerhans RB, Knight TM, Chase JM| title=Inter-annual associations between precipitation and human incidence of West Nile virus in the United States. | journal=Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 7 | issue= 3 | pages= 337-43 | pmid=17867908 | doi=10.1089/vbz.2006.0590 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17867908 }} </ref> | |||
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[[Risk factor]]s for the development of more severe forms of the disease include:<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = Epidemic/epizootic West Nile virus in the United States : guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control. 3rd revision | url = http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/7271 }}</ref> | [[Risk factor]]s for the development of more severe forms of the disease include:<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = Epidemic/epizootic West Nile virus in the United States : guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control. 3rd revision | url = http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/7271 }}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 22:21, 11 September 2014
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Risk Factors
Risk factors for infection with West Nile virus include:
| Risk Factor | Description |
|---|---|
| Outdoor exposure | While conclusive data are lacking, it is reasonable to infer that persons engaged in extensive outdoor work or recreational activities are at greater risk of being bitten by WNV-infected mosquitoes.[1][2] |
| Homeless persons | Extensive outdoor exposure and limited financial resources to acquire mosquito repellents constitute a greater risk factor.[1][2] |
| Residences lacking window screens | Absence of intact window/door screens is a likely risk factor for exposure to mosquito bites.[1][2] |
| Warmer temperatures | Associated with higher periods of incidence of disease due to shorter incubation periods of the virus in mosquitoes, and increased efficiency of viral transmission to birds.[3][4][5] |
| Regional factors |
Risk factors for the development of more severe forms of the disease include:[1]
- Age > 50 years - While persons of any age can be infected with WNV, US surveillance data indicate that persons over age 50 are at higher risk for severe disease and death due to WNV infection.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Epidemic/epizootic West Nile virus in the United States : guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control. 3rd revision".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Campbell, Grant L; Marfin, Anthony A; Lanciotti, Robert S; Gubler, Duane J (2002). "West Nile virus". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2 (9): 519–529. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00368-7. ISSN 1473-3099.
- ↑ Soverow JE, Wellenius GA, Fisman DN, Mittleman MA (2009). "Infectious disease in a warming world: how weather influenced West Nile virus in the United States (2001-2005)". Environ Health Perspect. 117 (7): 1049–52. doi:10.1289/ehp.0800487. PMC 2717128. PMID 19654911.
- ↑ Kilpatrick AM, Meola MA, Moudy RM, Kramer LD (2008). "Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes". PLoS Pathog. 4 (6): e1000092. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000092. PMC 2430533. PMID 18584026.
- ↑ Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM (2006). "Effects of temperature on the transmission of west nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)". J Med Entomol. 43 (2): 309–17. PMID 16619616.
- ↑ Bowden SE, Magori K, Drake JM (2011). "Regional differences in the association between land cover and West Nile virus disease incidence in humans in the United States". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 84 (2): 234–8. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0134. PMC 3029173. PMID 21292890.
- ↑ DeGroote JP, Sugumaran R (2012). "National and regional associations between human West Nile virus incidence and demographic, landscape, and land use conditions in the coterminous United States". Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12 (8): 657–65. doi:10.1089/vbz.2011.0786. PMID 22607071.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Landesman WJ, Allan BF, Langerhans RB, Knight TM, Chase JM (2007). "Inter-annual associations between precipitation and human incidence of West Nile virus in the United States". Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 7 (3): 337–43. doi:10.1089/vbz.2006.0590. PMID 17867908.