West nile virus epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Incidence and Prevalence== | ==Incidence and Prevalence== | ||
West Nile virus is widely distributed across Australia, Middle East, Western Russia, Southwestern Asia, Africa and Southern Europe. Since 1999, a series of | The West Nile virus is widely distributed across Australia, Middle East, Western Russia, Southwestern Asia, Africa and Southern Europe. Since 1999, a series of outbreak]]s with a virus likely to be of African origin, have increased the [[incidence]] of the disease across the previous countries.<ref name="MayDavis2010">{{cite journal|last1=May|first1=F. J.|last2=Davis|first2=C. T.|last3=Tesh|first3=R. B.|last4=Barrett|first4=A. D. T.|title=Phylogeography of West Nile Virus: from the Cradle of Evolution in Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=85|issue=6|year=2010|pages=2964–2974|issn=0022-538X|doi=10.1128/JVI.01963-10}}</ref> | ||
In the western hemisphere, the virus was discovered in 1999 in New York City. The WNV was then spread across the continent to the West coast of the US, in 4 years, and to Argentina in 6 years.<ref name="pmid20360671">{{cite journal| author=Lindsey NP, Staples JE, Lehman JA, Fischer M, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)| title=Surveillance for human West Nile virus disease - United States, 1999-2008. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2010 | volume= 59 | issue= 2 | pages= 1-17 | pmid=20360671 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20360671 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19145778">{{cite journal| author=Petersen LR, Hayes EB| title=West Nile virus in the Americas. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 2008 | volume= 92 | issue= 6 | pages= 1307-22, ix | pmid=19145778 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19145778 }} </ref> | |||
Most cases of [[infection]] with the WNV are [[asymptomatic]]. West Nile fever is underreported, either because infected persons do not seek medical attention, or because they are not tested for the virus.<ref name="pmid19145778">{{cite journal| author=Petersen LR, Hayes EB| title=West Nile virus in the Americas. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 2008 | volume= 92 | issue= 6 | pages= 1307-22, ix | pmid=19145778 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19145778 }} </ref> Between 1999 and 2013, 39 557 probable and confirmed cases of West Nile fever were reported to the [[CDC]], from across the US.<ref name="pmid23860989">{{cite journal| author=Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS| title=West Nile virus: review of the literature. | journal=JAMA | year= 2013 | volume= 310 | issue= 3 | pages= 308-15 | pmid=23860989 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.8042 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23860989 }} </ref><ref name="pmid20360671">{{cite journal| author=Lindsey NP, Staples JE, Lehman JA, Fischer M, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)| title=Surveillance for human West Nile virus disease - United States, 1999-2008. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2010 | volume= 59 | issue= 2 | pages= 1-17 | pmid=20360671 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20360671 }} </ref> | |||
The outbreak of 2012, in which 2873 cases of neuroinvasive disease were reported, occurred during a period of increased | The [[outbreak]] of 2012, in which 2873 cases of neuroinvasive disease were reported, occurred during a period of increased mosquito [[infection]] rate. A possible explanation for this was the severe precipitation felt during the previous winter.<ref name="ChungBuseman2013">{{cite journal|last1=Chung|first1=Wendy M.|last2=Buseman|first2=Christen M.|last3=Joyner|first3=Sibeso N.|last4=Hughes|first4=Sonya M.|last5=Fomby|first5=Thomas B.|last6=Luby|first6=James P.|last7=Haley|first7=Robert W.|title=The 2012 West Nile Encephalitis Epidemic in Dallas, Texas|journal=JAMA|volume=310|issue=3|year=2013|pages=297|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.2013.8267}}</ref><ref name="GoodmanLivingston2012">{{cite journal|last1=Goodman|first1=Denise M.|last2=Livingston|first2=Edward H.|title=West Nile Virus|journal=JAMA|volume=308|issue=10|year=2012|pages=1052|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/2012.jama.11678}}</ref> | ||
[[Image:WNV cumulative human disease cases.png|thumb|center|500 px|USA cumulative human disease cases of WNV in 2014. ''Data as of September 2014''<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.cdc.gov - Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)]''<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web | title = Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | url = http://www.cdc.gov}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]] | [[Image:WNV cumulative human disease cases.png|thumb|center|500 px|USA cumulative human disease cases of WNV in 2014. ''Data as of September 2014''<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.cdc.gov - Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)]''<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web | title = Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | url = http://www.cdc.gov}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]] | ||
Revision as of 02:27, 12 September 2014
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]; Michael Maddaleni, B.S.
Overview
The West Nile virus is widely distributed across the world. It was detected for the first time in the US in 1999, likely to be of African origin. In 2003 it was reported for the first time in the west coast of the US, and in 2005 in Argentina. Since most cases are asymptomatic, the true incidence of West Nile fever is often underestimated. Between the years of 1999 and 2013 a total of 39 557 cases were reported by the CDC, in the US. Due to its absence of clinical manifestations, the best approach to monitor the incidence of the disease is by assessing the incidence of the neuroinvasive form. In 2012 were reported 2873 cases of neuroinvasive disease, however, it is estimated that only 1/140 to 1/256 cases of West Nile fever lead to encephalitis or meningitis. The infection occurs predominantly during the end of summer and beginning of fall. Following the WNV infection, age does not seem to influence the development of fever, although elderly patients are more prone to the neuroinvasive form. Women are more affected by West Nile fever than men.
Incidence and Prevalence
The West Nile virus is widely distributed across Australia, Middle East, Western Russia, Southwestern Asia, Africa and Southern Europe. Since 1999, a series of outbreak]]s with a virus likely to be of African origin, have increased the incidence of the disease across the previous countries.[1]
In the western hemisphere, the virus was discovered in 1999 in New York City. The WNV was then spread across the continent to the West coast of the US, in 4 years, and to Argentina in 6 years.[2][3]
Most cases of infection with the WNV are asymptomatic. West Nile fever is underreported, either because infected persons do not seek medical attention, or because they are not tested for the virus.[3] Between 1999 and 2013, 39 557 probable and confirmed cases of West Nile fever were reported to the CDC, from across the US.[4][2]
The outbreak of 2012, in which 2873 cases of neuroinvasive disease were reported, occurred during a period of increased mosquito infection rate. A possible explanation for this was the severe precipitation felt during the previous winter.[5][6]
Age
Age has not been noted to influence the development of West Nile fever following infection with the WNV. However, elderly patients have an higher risk of developing severe forms of the disease.[1][8]
Gender
The female gender is more prone to develop West Nile fever following infection with the WNV.[1][8]
Season
Infection with WNV commonly occurs during warmer seasons, namely in late summer and beginning of fall.[4]
Geographical Distribution
US Disease Cases by State 2014
West Nile Virus by State 2014
Neuroinvasive Disease Incidence by State 2014
Due to the fact that infection with the WNV is often asymptomatic, the best approach to monitor incidence trends of the disease caused by the virus is by assessing the incidence of neuroinvasive disease, since its reporting is often adequate.[1] Despite this, during an outbreak, only 40% of the cases who presented with compatible meningitis or encephalitis were tested for infection with the virus.[9] Between 1999 and 2012, 16 196 cases of neuroinvasive disease by WNV, and 1549 fatalities were reported in the United Stated. The largest outbreaks of neuroinvasive disease were reported in 2002, with 2946 cases, in 2003, with 2866, and 2012, with 2873 cases.[4] Although the number varies every year, some areas of the US are more affected by this form of the disease, particularly Midwest states.[2]
During the outbreak of 2012, the incidence of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease in Dallas was 7.30 per 100.000 persons.[5] Despite these numbers, according to data obtained from serologic surveys and blood donor screening, neuroinvasive disease is rarely seen in West Nile fever, with an estimated average of 1/140 to 1/256 cases of encephalitis or meningitis, following viral infection.[10][11][12]
Neuroinvasive Disease Archives
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 May, F. J.; Davis, C. T.; Tesh, R. B.; Barrett, A. D. T. (2010). "Phylogeography of West Nile Virus: from the Cradle of Evolution in Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas". Journal of Virology. 85 (6): 2964–2974. doi:10.1128/JVI.01963-10. ISSN 0022-538X.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lindsey NP, Staples JE, Lehman JA, Fischer M, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2010). "Surveillance for human West Nile virus disease - United States, 1999-2008". MMWR Surveill Summ. 59 (2): 1–17. PMID 20360671.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Petersen LR, Hayes EB (2008). "West Nile virus in the Americas". Med Clin North Am. 92 (6): 1307–22, ix. PMID 19145778.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS (2013). "West Nile virus: review of the literature". JAMA. 310 (3): 308–15. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.8042. PMID 23860989.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Chung, Wendy M.; Buseman, Christen M.; Joyner, Sibeso N.; Hughes, Sonya M.; Fomby, Thomas B.; Luby, James P.; Haley, Robert W. (2013). "The 2012 West Nile Encephalitis Epidemic in Dallas, Texas". JAMA. 310 (3): 297. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.8267. ISSN 0098-7484.
- ↑ Goodman, Denise M.; Livingston, Edward H. (2012). "West Nile Virus". JAMA. 308 (10): 1052. doi:10.1001/2012.jama.11678. ISSN 0098-7484.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)".
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Zou S, Foster GA, Dodd RY, Petersen LR, Stramer SL (2010). "West Nile fever characteristics among viremic persons identified through blood donor screening". J Infect Dis. 202 (9): 1354–61. doi:10.1086/656602. PMID 20874087.
- ↑ Weber IB, Lindsey NP, Bunko-Patterson AM, Briggs G, Wadleigh TJ, Sylvester TL; et al. (2012). "Completeness of West Nile virus testing in patients with meningitis and encephalitis during an outbreak in Arizona, USA". Epidemiol Infect. 140 (9): 1632–6. doi:10.1017/S0950268811002494. PMID 22123531.
- ↑ Tsai TF, Popovici F, Cernescu C, Campbell GL, Nedelcu NI (1998). "West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania". Lancet. 352 (9130): 767–71. PMID 9737281.
- ↑ Mostashari F, Bunning ML, Kitsutani PT, Singer DA, Nash D, Cooper MJ; et al. (2001). "Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999: results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey". Lancet. 358 (9278): 261–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05480-0. PMID 11498211.
- ↑ Busch MP, Wright DJ, Custer B, Tobler LH, Stramer SL, Kleinman SH; et al. (2006). "West Nile virus infections projected from blood donor screening data, United States, 2003". Emerg Infect Dis. 12 (3): 395–402. doi:10.3201/eid1205.051287. PMC 3291460. PMID 16704775.