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__NOTOC__
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{CMG}}
==Overview==
{{Infobox_Disease |
{{Infobox_Disease |
   Name          = {{PAGENAME}} |
   Name          = {{PAGENAME}} |
   Image          = Volvulus 001.jpg|
   Image          = Volvulus 001.jpg|
   Caption        =  CECAL VOLVULUS <br> 27 year old female with [[osteogenesis imperfecta]]. Patient is complaining of [[abdominal pain]].<br> <small> [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology] </small>|
   Caption        =  CECAL VOLVULUS <br> 27 year old female with [[osteogenesis imperfecta]]. Patient is complaining of [[abdominal pain]].<br> <small> [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology] </small>|
  DiseasesDB    = 13996 |
  ICD10          = {{ICD10|K|56|2|k|55}} |
  ICD9          = {{ICD9|537.3}}, {{ICD9|560.2}} |
  ICDO          = |
  OMIM          = |
  MedlinePlus    = |
  eMedicineSubj  = ped |
  eMedicineTopic = 2415 |
  MeshID        = D045822 |
}}
}}
{{Volvulus}}
{{Volvulus}}
A '''volvulus''' is a loop of the [[bowel]] whose nose has twisted on itself.<ref>Medical Terminology Systems: A Body Systems Approach, 2005</ref> The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary defines volvulus slightly differently as "abnormal twisting of the intestine causing obstruction," which adds obstruction in the definition, and would be more clinically significant term.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kmle.com/search.php?Search=volvulus | title = ''KMLE Medical Dictionary Definition of volvulus'' | author = [http://www.kmle.com The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary]}}</ref>
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HM}}
 
{{SK}}: Intestinal volvulus; Stomach volvulus; Gastric volvulus; Sigmoid volvulus; Cecal volvulus; Abdominal twisting; Colonic volvulus; Abdominal torsion; Intestinal torsion; Intestinal twisting; Colonic twisting; Stomach twisting, Volvulus neonatorum.
==[[Volvulus overview|Overview]]==
 
==[[Volvulus historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
 
==[[Volvulus classification|Classification]]==
 
==[[Volvulus pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


==Types==
==[[Volvulus causes|Causes]]==
*[[Gastric volvulus]] (click on the link in blue to read more about this specific type of volvulus)
* Volvulus Neonatorum
* Volvulus Small Intestine
* Volvulus Caecum
* Volvulus Sigmoid Colon


==Causes==
==[[Volvulus differential diagnosis|Differentiating Volvulus from other Diseases]]==
Midgut volvulus occurs in patients (usually in infants) that are predisposed because of congenital [[intestinal malrotation]].  Segmental volvulus occurs in patients of any age, usually with a predisposition because of abnormal intestinal contents (e.g. [[Meconium|meconium ileus]]) or [[adhesions]].  Volvulus of the [[cecum]], [[transverse colon]], or [[sigmoid colon]] occurs, usually in adults, with only minor predisposing factors such as redundant (excess, inadequately supported) intestinal tissue and constipation.


==Presentation==
==[[Volvulus epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
Regardless of cause, volvulus causes symptoms by two mechanisms.  One is [[bowel obstruction]], manifested as abdominal distension and vomiting.  The other is  [[ischemia]] (loss of blood flow) to the affected portion of intestine.  This causes severe pain and progressive injury to the intestinal wall, with accumulation of gas and fluid in the portion of the bowel obstructed.<ref>Medical Terminology Systems: A Body Systems Approach, 2005</ref> Ultimately, this can result in [[necrosis]] of the affected intestinal wall, [[acidosis]], and death.  Acute volvulus therefore requires immediate surgical intervention to untwist the affected segment of bowel and possibly [[bowel resection|resect]] any unsalvageable portion.<ref>Medical Terminology Systems: A Body Systems Approach, 2005</ref>


Volvulus occurs most frequently in middle-aged and elderly men.<ref>Medical Terminology Systems: A Body Systems Approach, 2005</ref>  Volvulus can also arise as a rare complication in persons with [[Colon (anatomy)|redundant colon]], a normal anatomic variation resulting in extra colonic loops.<ref>{{cite web
==[[Volvulus risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/redundant-colon/AN00239/rss=1
|title=Redundant colon: A health concern?
|accessdate=2007-06-11 | date=2006-10-13
|author=Mayo Clinic Staff|work=Ask a Digestive System Specialist|publisher=MayoClinic.com
}}</ref>


Sigmoid volvulus is the most-common form of volvulus of the gastrointestinal tract and is responsible for 8% of all intestinal obstructions. Sigmoid volvulus is particularly common in elderly persons and constipated patient. Patients experience abdominal pain, distension, and absolute constipation.
==[[Volvulus screening|Screening]]==


==Associated conditions==
==[[Volvulus natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
The volvulus can also occur in patients with [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]] due to the smooth muscle dysfunction.


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
* [[Abdominal x-ray]]
 
* [[Upper GI series]]
[[Volvulus history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Volvulus physical examination|Physical Examination]]  | [[Volvulus laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Volvulus electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Volvulus x ray|X Ray]] | [[Volvulus CT|CT]] | [[Volvulus ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Volvulus other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Volvulus other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
<div align="left">
<gallery heights="175" widths="175">
Image:Sigmoid-volvulus-001.jpg|Sigmoid volvulus <small>Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted</small>
Image:Sigmoid-volvulus-002.jpg|Sigmoid volvulus <small>Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted</small>
</gallery>
</div>


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
[[Volvulus medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Volvulus surgery|Surgery]] | [[Volvulus primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Volvulus secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] |  [[Volvulus cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] |  [[Volvulus future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


* Laparotomy
==Case Studies==
* Untwisting
[[Volvulus case study one|Case #1]]
* Transduodenal band of ladd is divided


==See also==
==Related Chapters==
* [[Gastric volvulus]]
* [[Gastric volvulus]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Additional Resources==
*{{cite|author=Gylys, Barbara A. and Mary Ellen Wedding|title=Medical Terminology Systems|publisher=F.A. Davis Company|date=2005}}




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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
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[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]

Latest revision as of 15:53, 8 January 2018


For patient information click here

Volvulus
CECAL VOLVULUS
27 year old female with osteogenesis imperfecta. Patient is complaining of abdominal pain.
Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

Volvulus Microchapters

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Volvulus from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic study of choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X Ray

CT

MRI

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Synonyms and keywords:: Intestinal volvulus; Stomach volvulus; Gastric volvulus; Sigmoid volvulus; Cecal volvulus; Abdominal twisting; Colonic volvulus; Abdominal torsion; Intestinal torsion; Intestinal twisting; Colonic twisting; Stomach twisting, Volvulus neonatorum.

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Volvulus from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | X Ray | CT | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Related Chapters


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