Vision loss: Difference between revisions
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*[[Accidental eye injury]] | *[[Accidental eye injury]] | ||
*[[Achromatopsia incomplete, x-linked]] | *[[Achromatopsia incomplete, x-linked]] | ||
*[[Acromegaloid changes, cutis verticis gyrata and corneal leukoma]] | *[[Acromegaloid changes, cutis verticis gyrata and corneal leukoma]] | ||
*[[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis]] | *[[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis]] | ||
*[[Acute maculopathy]] | *[[Acute maculopathy]] | ||
| Line 243: | Line 243: | ||
*[[Age-related macular degeneration]] | *[[Age-related macular degeneration]] | ||
*[[Albinism, ocular, autosomal recessive]] | *[[Albinism, ocular, autosomal recessive]] | ||
*[[Alezzandrini syndrome]] | *[[Alezzandrini syndrome]] | ||
*[[Alpers syndrome]] | *[[Alpers syndrome]] | ||
*[[Alport syndrome]] | *[[Alport syndrome]] | ||
| Line 257: | Line 257: | ||
*[[Angioid streaks]] | *[[Angioid streaks]] | ||
*[[Aniridia]] | *[[Aniridia]] | ||
*[[Anisometropia]] | *[[Anisometropia]] | ||
*[[Anophthalmia -- megalocornea -- cardiopathy -- skeletal anomalies]] | *[[Anophthalmia -- megalocornea -- cardiopathy -- skeletal anomalies]] | ||
*[[Anterior segment mesenchymal dysgenesis]] | *[[Anterior segment mesenchymal dysgenesis]] | ||
| Line 293: | Line 293: | ||
*[[Canavan leukodystrophy]] | *[[Canavan leukodystrophy]] | ||
*[[Car syndrome]] | *[[Car syndrome]] | ||
*[[Carbachol]] | *[[Carbachol]] | ||
*[[Carbamazepine]] | *[[Carbamazepine]] | ||
*[[Cardiomyopathy -- hypogonadism -- metabolic anomalies]] | *[[Cardiomyopathy -- hypogonadism -- metabolic anomalies]] | ||
*[[Carotid atherosclerosis]] | *[[Carotid atherosclerosis]] | ||
*[[Carotid-cavernous fistula]] | *[[Carotid-cavernous fistula]] | ||
| Line 308: | Line 308: | ||
*[[Ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal 1, infantile]] | *[[Ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal 1, infantile]] | ||
*[[Chalazion]] | *[[Chalazion]] | ||
*[[Chandler's syndrome]] | *[[Chandler's syndrome]] | ||
*[[Charcot-marie-tooth disease, x-linked recessive, 5]] | *[[Charcot-marie-tooth disease, x-linked recessive, 5]] | ||
*[[Chemical adverse reaction -- cesium]] | *[[Chemical adverse reaction -- cesium]] | ||
| Line 314: | Line 314: | ||
*[[Chorioretinitis]] | *[[Chorioretinitis]] | ||
*[[Choroideremia]] | *[[Choroideremia]] | ||
*[[Choroiditis]] | *[[Choroiditis]] | ||
*[[Chromosome 11, deletion 11p]] | *[[Chromosome 11, deletion 11p]] | ||
*[[Chromosome 13, partial monosomy 13q]] | *[[Chromosome 13, partial monosomy 13q]] | ||
| Line 332: | Line 332: | ||
*[[Cogan-reese syndrome]] | *[[Cogan-reese syndrome]] | ||
*[[Cohen syndrome]] | *[[Cohen syndrome]] | ||
*[[Coloboma]] | *[[Coloboma]] | ||
*[[Colour vision impairment]] | *[[Colour vision impairment]] | ||
*[[Communication conditions]] | *[[Communication conditions]] | ||
| Line 341: | Line 341: | ||
*[[Congenital toxoplasmosis]] | *[[Congenital toxoplasmosis]] | ||
*[[Congenital x-linked retinoschisis]] | *[[Congenital x-linked retinoschisis]] | ||
*[[Conversion disorder]] | *[[Conversion disorder]] | ||
*[[Cornea plana, congenital]] | *[[Cornea plana, congenital]] | ||
*[[Corneal anesthesia deafness intellectual deficit]] | *[[Corneal anesthesia deafness intellectual deficit]] | ||
*[[Corneal dystrophy and perceptive deafness]] | *[[Corneal dystrophy and perceptive deafness]] | ||
*[[Corneal dystrophy crystalline of schnyder]] | *[[Corneal dystrophy crystalline of schnyder]] | ||
*[[Corneal dystrophy, endothelial, x-linked]] | *[[Corneal dystrophy, endothelial, x-linked]] | ||
| Line 353: | Line 353: | ||
*[[Corneal edema]] | *[[Corneal edema]] | ||
*[[Corneal foreign body]] | *[[Corneal foreign body]] | ||
*[[Corneal hypesthesia deafness intellectual deficit]] | *[[Corneal hypesthesia deafness intellectual deficit]] | ||
*[[Corneal opacity]] | *[[Corneal opacity]] | ||
*[[Corneal ulcer]] | *[[Corneal ulcer]] | ||
| Line 361: | Line 361: | ||
*[[Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia]] | *[[Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia]] | ||
*[[Craniometaphyseal dysplasia, autosomal recessive type]] | *[[Craniometaphyseal dysplasia, autosomal recessive type]] | ||
*[[Craniosynostosis exostoses nevus epibulbar dermoid]] | *[[Craniosynostosis exostoses nevus epibulbar dermoid]] | ||
*[[Craniotelencephalic dysplasia]] | *[[Craniotelencephalic dysplasia]] | ||
*[[Cree leukoencephalopathy]] | *[[Cree leukoencephalopathy]] | ||
| Line 372: | Line 372: | ||
*[[Deafness -- opticoacoustic nerve atrophy -- dementia]] | *[[Deafness -- opticoacoustic nerve atrophy -- dementia]] | ||
*[[Deletion 11p]] | *[[Deletion 11p]] | ||
*[[Deletion 13q]] | *[[Deletion 13q]] | ||
*[[Dermatoosteolysis, kirghizian type]] | *[[Dermatoosteolysis, kirghizian type]] | ||
*[[Desferrioxamine toxicity]] | *[[Desferrioxamine toxicity]] | ||
*[[Desipramine]] | *[[Desipramine]] | ||
*[[Devic disease]] | *[[Devic disease]] | ||
*[[Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, deafness, mitochondrial form]] | *[[Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, deafness, mitochondrial form]] | ||
*[[Diabetic eye disease]] | *[[Diabetic eye disease]] | ||
*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]] | *[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]] | ||
*[[Diabetic retinopathy]] | *[[Diabetic retinopathy]] | ||
*[[Didmoad syndrome, mitochondrial form]] | *[[Didmoad syndrome, mitochondrial form]] | ||
| Line 385: | Line 385: | ||
*[[Dothiepin]] | *[[Dothiepin]] | ||
*[[Dry eye]] | *[[Dry eye]] | ||
*[[Dysosteosclerosis]] | *[[Dysosteosclerosis]] | ||
*[[Eales disease]] | *[[Eales disease]] | ||
*[[Ebola]] | *[[Ebola]] | ||
| Line 399: | Line 399: | ||
*[[Esthesioneuroblastoma]] | *[[Esthesioneuroblastoma]] | ||
*[[Eye cancer - an increased size of blind spot in ones vision]] | *[[Eye cancer - an increased size of blind spot in ones vision]] | ||
*[[Eye conditions]] | *[[Eye conditions]] | ||
*[[Eye injury]] | *[[Eye injury]] | ||
*[[Eye melanoma - floaters]] | *[[Eye melanoma - floaters]] | ||
| Line 406: | Line 406: | ||
*[[Fetal methylmercury syndrome]] | *[[Fetal methylmercury syndrome]] | ||
*[[Flynn-aird syndrome]] | *[[Flynn-aird syndrome]] | ||
*[[Foreign body]] | *[[Foreign body]] | ||
*[[Franceschetti-klein syndrome]] | *[[Franceschetti-klein syndrome]] | ||
*[[Francois dyscephalic syndrome]] | *[[Francois dyscephalic syndrome]] | ||
*[[Fuchs atrophia gyrata chorioideae et retinae]] | *[[Fuchs atrophia gyrata chorioideae et retinae]] | ||
*[[Fuchs' dystrophy - vision improvement during the day]] | *[[Fuchs' dystrophy - vision improvement during the day]] | ||
*[[Fundus albipunctatus - night blindness]] | *[[Fundus albipunctatus - night blindness]] | ||
*[[Galactokinase deficiency]] | *[[Galactokinase deficiency]] | ||
*[[Gangliosidosis generalized gm1, type 1]] | *[[Gangliosidosis generalized gm1, type 1]] | ||
| Line 424: | Line 424: | ||
*[[Gronblad-strandberg-touraine syndrome]] | *[[Gronblad-strandberg-touraine syndrome]] | ||
*[[Guizar-vasquez-sanchez-manzano syndrome]] | *[[Guizar-vasquez-sanchez-manzano syndrome]] | ||
*[[Gustavson syndrome]] | *[[Gustavson syndrome]] | ||
*[[Hallervorden-spatz syndrome]] | *[[Hallervorden-spatz syndrome]] | ||
*[[Hand-schuller-christian syndrome]] | *[[Hand-schuller-christian syndrome]] | ||
| Line 437: | Line 437: | ||
*[[Hiv/aids]] | *[[Hiv/aids]] | ||
*[[Homonymous hemianopia]] | *[[Homonymous hemianopia]] | ||
*[[Hurler syndrome]] | *[[Hurler syndrome]] | ||
*[[Hydranencephaly]] | *[[Hydranencephaly]] | ||
*[[Hydrocephalus]] | *[[Hydrocephalus]] | ||
*[[Hydroxyzine]] | *[[Hydroxyzine]] | ||
*[[Hyperopia - difficulty focusing for reading]] | *[[Hyperopia - difficulty focusing for reading]] | ||
*[[Hyperornithinemia]] | *[[Hyperornithinemia]] | ||
*[[Hypertension of pregnancy]] | *[[Hypertension of pregnancy]] | ||
*[[Hyphema]] | *[[Hyphema]] | ||
| Line 457: | Line 457: | ||
*[[Iridogoniodysgenesis type1]] | *[[Iridogoniodysgenesis type1]] | ||
*[[Ischemic optic neuropathy]] | *[[Ischemic optic neuropathy]] | ||
*[[Ivabradine]] | *[[Ivabradine]] | ||
*[[Jensen syndrome]] | *[[Jensen syndrome]] | ||
*[[Juvenile macular degeneration and hypotrichosis]] | *[[Juvenile macular degeneration and hypotrichosis]] | ||
| Line 499: | Line 499: | ||
*[[Midline craniofacial anomalies and morning glory disc anomaly]] | *[[Midline craniofacial anomalies and morning glory disc anomaly]] | ||
*[[Migraine]] | *[[Migraine]] | ||
*[[Mitochondrial diseases]] | *[[Mitochondrial diseases]] | ||
*[[Monosodium methanarsenate]] | *[[Monosodium methanarsenate]] | ||
*[[Morpholine]] | *[[Morpholine]] | ||
| Line 506: | Line 506: | ||
*[[Mucopolysaccharidosis type i hurler syndrome]] | *[[Mucopolysaccharidosis type i hurler syndrome]] | ||
*[[Mucopolysaccharidosis type i scheie syndrome]] | *[[Mucopolysaccharidosis type i scheie syndrome]] | ||
*[[Mucormycosis]] | *[[Mucormycosis]] | ||
*[[Multifocal choroiditis]] | *[[Multifocal choroiditis]] | ||
*[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 - visual field defects]] | *[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 - visual field defects]] | ||
| Line 521: | Line 521: | ||
*[[Neurofibromatosis type 1 (nf-1)]] | *[[Neurofibromatosis type 1 (nf-1)]] | ||
*[[Neuromyelitis optica]] | *[[Neuromyelitis optica]] | ||
*[[Neuropathy -- ataxia -- retinitis pigmentosa]] | *[[Neuropathy -- ataxia -- retinitis pigmentosa]] | ||
*[[Niemann-pick disease]] | *[[Niemann-pick disease]] | ||
*[[Night blindness -- skeletal anomalies -- unusual facies - night blindness]] | *[[Night blindness -- skeletal anomalies -- unusual facies - night blindness]] | ||
*[[Night blindness, congenital stationary, autosomal dominant - night blindnes]] | *[[Night blindness, congenital stationary, autosomal dominant - night blindnes]] | ||
*[[Noble-bass-sherman syndrome - night blindness]] | *[[Noble-bass-sherman syndrome - night blindness]] | ||
*[[Norrie syndrome]] | *[[Norrie syndrome]] | ||
*[[Nortriptyline]] | *[[Nortriptyline]] | ||
| Line 531: | Line 531: | ||
*[[Nyssen-van bogaert-meyer syndrome]] | *[[Nyssen-van bogaert-meyer syndrome]] | ||
*[[Obal syndrome - night blindness]] | *[[Obal syndrome - night blindness]] | ||
*[[Occipital lobe tumours]] | *[[Occipital lobe tumours]] | ||
*[[Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid]] | *[[Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid]] | ||
*[[Ocular herpes]] | *[[Ocular herpes]] | ||
| Line 540: | Line 540: | ||
*[[Oculocutaneous albinism, minimal pigment type]] | *[[Oculocutaneous albinism, minimal pigment type]] | ||
*[[Oguchi disease - night blindness]] | *[[Oguchi disease - night blindness]] | ||
*[[Oligodontia, keratitis, skin ulceration and arthroosteolysis]] | *[[Oligodontia, keratitis, skin ulceration and arthroosteolysis]] | ||
*[[Olivopontocerebellar atrophy type 3]] | *[[Olivopontocerebellar atrophy type 3]] | ||
*[[Open-angle glaucoma]] | *[[Open-angle glaucoma]] | ||
*[[Ophthalmia neonatorum]] | *[[Ophthalmia neonatorum]] | ||
*[[Ophthalmoplegia]] | *[[Ophthalmoplegia]] | ||
*[[Opitc atrophy and cataract, autosomal dominant]] | *[[Opitc atrophy and cataract, autosomal dominant]] | ||
*[[Optic nerve compression]] | *[[Optic nerve compression]] | ||
*[[Optic neuritis]] | *[[Optic neuritis]] | ||
*[[Optic pathway glioma]] | *[[Optic pathway glioma]] | ||
*[[Opticoacoustic nerve atrophy dementia]] | *[[Opticoacoustic nerve atrophy dementia]] | ||
*[[Orbit tumour - blind spots]] | *[[Orbit tumour - blind spots]] | ||
*[[Orbital lymphangioma]] | *[[Orbital lymphangioma]] | ||
*[[Orbital mass]] | *[[Orbital mass]] | ||
| Line 585: | Line 585: | ||
*[[Presbyopia - difficulty focusing for reading]] | *[[Presbyopia - difficulty focusing for reading]] | ||
*[[Primary glaucoma associated with ocular abnormalities]] | *[[Primary glaucoma associated with ocular abnormalities]] | ||
*[[Prochlorperazine]] | *[[Prochlorperazine]] | ||
*[[Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]] | *[[Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]] | ||
*[[Progressive supranuclear palsy]] | *[[Progressive supranuclear palsy]] | ||
| Line 594: | Line 594: | ||
*[[Purtscher retinopathy]] | *[[Purtscher retinopathy]] | ||
*[[Pyle disease]] | *[[Pyle disease]] | ||
*[[Pyruvate decarboxylase deficiency]] | *[[Pyruvate decarboxylase deficiency]] | ||
*[[Quinidine]] | *[[Quinidine]] | ||
*[[Raised intraocular pressure]] | *[[Raised intraocular pressure]] | ||
*[[Ramos-arroyoclark syndrome]] | *[[Ramos-arroyoclark syndrome]] | ||
| Line 609: | Line 609: | ||
*[[Retinal degeneration]] | *[[Retinal degeneration]] | ||
*[[Retinal detachment]] | *[[Retinal detachment]] | ||
*[[Retinal disease]] | *[[Retinal disease]] | ||
*[[Retinal dysplasia, x-linked]] | *[[Retinal dysplasia, x-linked]] | ||
*[[Retinal migraine]] | *[[Retinal migraine]] | ||
*[[Retinal pathology]] | *[[Retinal pathology]] | ||
*[[Retinal tear]] | *[[Retinal tear]] | ||
| Line 634: | Line 634: | ||
*[[Rollet syndrome - visual field defects]] | *[[Rollet syndrome - visual field defects]] | ||
*[[Roy-maroteaux-kremp syndrome]] | *[[Roy-maroteaux-kremp syndrome]] | ||
*[[Rufous oculocutaneous albinism]] | *[[Rufous oculocutaneous albinism]] | ||
*[[Sandhoff disease]] | *[[Sandhoff disease]] | ||
*[[Sarcoidosis]] | *[[Sarcoidosis]] | ||
| Line 642: | Line 642: | ||
*[[Secernentea infections]] | *[[Secernentea infections]] | ||
*[[Secondary causes of glaucoma]] | *[[Secondary causes of glaucoma]] | ||
*[[Senile macular degeneration]] | *[[Senile macular degeneration]] | ||
*[[Senile retinoschisis - floaters]] | *[[Senile retinoschisis - floaters]] | ||
*[[Senior-loken syndrome]] | *[[Senior-loken syndrome]] | ||
| Line 650: | Line 650: | ||
*[[Sialidosis type 1]] | *[[Sialidosis type 1]] | ||
*[[Sickle cell anemia]] | *[[Sickle cell anemia]] | ||
*[[Simell-takki syndrome]] | *[[Simell-takki syndrome]] | ||
*[[Singh-chhaparwal-dhanda syndrome]] | *[[Singh-chhaparwal-dhanda syndrome]] | ||
*[[Small syndrome]] | *[[Small syndrome]] | ||
*[[Smith-martin-dodd syndrome]] | *[[Smith-martin-dodd syndrome]] | ||
| Line 685: | Line 685: | ||
*[[Transient ischaemic attack]] | *[[Transient ischaemic attack]] | ||
*[[Transthyretin amyloidosis]] | *[[Transthyretin amyloidosis]] | ||
*[[Treacher-collins syndrome]] | *[[Treacher-collins syndrome]] | ||
*[[Tumours]] | *[[Tumours]] | ||
*[[Usher syndrome]] | *[[Usher syndrome]] | ||
*[[Uveal melanoma]] | *[[Uveal melanoma]] | ||
*[[Uveitis]] | *[[Uveitis]] | ||
*[[Vascular retinopathies]] | *[[Vascular retinopathies]] | ||
*[[Vasculitis]] | *[[Vasculitis]] | ||
*[[Vasterbotten dystrophy]] | *[[Vasterbotten dystrophy]] | ||
| Line 708: | Line 708: | ||
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]] | *[[Wegener's granulomatosis]] | ||
*[[Weill-marchesani syndrome]] | *[[Weill-marchesani syndrome]] | ||
*[[Wells jankovic syndrome]] | *[[Wells jankovic syndrome]] | ||
*[[Wildervanck syndrome 2]] | *[[Wildervanck syndrome 2]] | ||
*[[Wilms tumor]] | *[[Wilms tumor]] | ||
*[[Winchester syndrome]] | *[[Winchester syndrome]] | ||
*[[Wittwer sydnrome]] | *[[Wittwer sydnrome]] | ||
*[[Wolfram syndrome, mitochondrial form]] | *[[Wolfram syndrome, mitochondrial form]] | ||
*[[Woods black norbury syndrome]] | *[[Woods black norbury syndrome]] | ||
Revision as of 19:06, 29 October 2015
For patient information, click here
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Synonyms and keywords: Visual loss
Overview
Vision loss is the absence of vision where it existed before, which can happen either acutely (i.e. abruptly) or chronically (i.e. over a long period of time). It may be caused by media opacities, retinal disease, optic nerve disease, visual pathway disorders, or functional disorders, or it may be due to an abnormality in the central nervous system.
Classification
In order to gain insight into the pathophysiology of vision loss which will in turn guide treatment decisions, the signs and symptoms should be characterized:
- Unilateral
- Bilateral
- Transient
- Persistant
- Sudden
- Gradual
- Painless
- Painful
Pathophysiology
Media Opacity
Opacities of the clear refractive media of the eye such as the cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous humor may cause acute visual loss as manifested by blurry vision or reduced visual acuity. While pupillary reflexes may be affected, these conditions generally do not cause a relative afferent pupillary defect.
Causes of media opacity include corneal edema, hyphema, cataract and vitreous hemorrhage.
Retinal Disease
Retinal diseases may cause sudden visual loss. Because the retina is being affected, there is usually a concomitant relative afferent pupillary defect. Conditions that affect or destroy the retina include retinal detachment; macular disease (e.g., macular degeneration); and retinal vascular occlusions, the most important of which is central retinal artery occlusion.
Optic Nerve Disease
Diseases which affect the optic nerve may cause acute visual loss. Signs include an abnormal pupillary reflex, with an afferent pupillary defect when the optic nerve disease is unilateral.
The optic nerve can be affected by many diseases including optic neuritis, retrobulbar neuritis, papillitis, papilledema, glaucoma, ischemic optic neuropathy, and giant cell arteritis.
Hypoxia
The eye is very sensitive to restriction of its supply of oxygen. A dimming of vision (a brownout or greyout) accompanied by loss of peripheral perception may result from low blood pressure, shock, g-LOC (an aviation related problem) or simply standing up suddenly, especially if sick or otherwise infirm. Vision usually returns readily once the conditions restricting blood flow are lifted.
Visual Pathway Disorder
Visual pathway disorders are any problems that may impede the visual pathway. Rarely, acute visual loss is caused by homonymous hemianopia and, more rarely, cortical blindness.
Functional Disorder
The term functional disorder is now used where hysterical and malingering were historically used. This shift recognizes the inherent inability of the physician to identify the subjective experience of a patient (and thus whether that patient can truly see or not).
Causes
Transient Vision Loss (<24 hours)
- Amaurosis fugax
- Vision loss is unilateral and lasts only minutes
- Vision loss lasts 10-60 minutes
- Ocular ischemic syndrome (Cartoid Occlusive Disease)
- Papilledema
- Raised intracranial pressure
- Malignant hypertension
- Retinal detachment
- Sudden change in blood pressure
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Transient acute increase in thraocular pressure
- Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma
- Retro-or peribulbar hemorrhage
- Vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency
- Vision loss is bilateral and lasts minutes
- Vitreous hemorrhage
- Vitreous detachment
Vision Loss > 24 hours:Sudden, Painless
- Exposure(Welder's flash)
- prolonged exposure to intense light/sunlight
- Ischemic optic neuropathy
- To prevent permanent loss, rule out giant cell/temporal arteritis
- Other retinal or central nervous system disease
- Occipital lobe CVA causing cortical blindness
- Optic Neuritis
- Retinal artery/vein occlusion
- Retinal detachment
- Vitreous or aqueous hemmorrhage (hyphema)
Vision Loss >24 hours:Gradual, Painless
- Cataracts
- Cerebral Neoplasm
- Chronic retinopathy
- Age related macular degeneration
- Diabetic Retinopathy
- Chronic corneal disease
- Corneal dystrophy
- Corneal Ulcer
- Open angle Glaucoma
- Optic neuropathy/atrophy
- Compressive lesion
- Toxic-metabolic cause
- Radiation
- Pseudotumor cerebri
- Refractive error
- Retitnitis pigmentosa
Vision Loss >24 hours:Painful
- Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma
- Corneal hydrops
- Keratoconus
- Corneal abrasion/ulcer
- Herepes simplex/zoster
- Ocular onchocerciasis
- "River blindness"
- Onchocera volvulus worm
- Optic neuritis
- Orbital apex/superior orbital fissure/cavernous sinus syndrome
- Uveitis
Life-Threatening Causes
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | No underlying causes |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
3
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
History
include:
- Age
- Onset:
- Rate of loss
- Any specific trauma
- Headaches
- Medication
- Specific medical history
- Alcohol, drug and/or tabacco use
Physical Examination
Eyes
The examination should focus on:
- Acuity
- Blood pressure
- Color vision
- Cranial exam
- cranial nerve innervation
- Fundus
- Intraocular pressure
- Ocular media opacity
- Optic disc exam
Laboratory Findings
- ESR
- Fasting blood glucose
- HgBa1c
- PPD
- RPR
- FTR-ABS
- ACE level
- Vitamin B12
- Folate
MRI and CT
- CT/MRI of head and chest
Evaluation of Monocular Transient Visual Loss
Abbreviations: TVL, transient visual loss.
Monocular TVL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Does Monocular TVL Occur Only in Certain Positions of Gaze (Gaze-Evoked TVL)? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
YES | NO | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Orbital MRI | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Structural lesion of orbit | No structural lesion of orbit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Duration of TVL? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Treatment
Medical Therapy
- Systemic Steroids can be prescribed for the following:
- Temporal arteritis
- Optic neuritis
- Pituitary apoplexy
- Herpes zoster
- Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy patients
- Asprin
- Cavernous sinus thrombosis
- Antibiotics
- Anticoagulation
- Corneal hydrops
- Cycloplegic,hypertonic NaCl ointment
Surgery
Corneal Hydrops
Corneal transplant
Retinal Detachment
Surgical repair
Cataracts
Surgical removal
Temporal Arteritis
Temporal biopsy and steroids.
Related Chapters
References
- ↑ Clinical Pathways in Neuro-ophthalmology: An Evidence-based Approach. ISBN 978-1588901361.