Venous thromboembolism
Editors-in-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. Associate Editor-In-Chief: Ujjwal Rastogi, MBBS [1]
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Differentiating Thrombosis from other Diseases |
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Venous thromboembolism On the Web |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Venous thromboembolism |
Overview
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a hypernym which includes Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). It is a major public health problem and one of the most common cause of preventable cause of death in hospital patients. It is the third most common cardiovascular disorder after coronary artery disease and stroke. It is frequently underestimated and misdiagnosed and failure to provide adequate prophylaxis and therapy can be fatal for the patient.
Classification Scheme
VTE includes DVT and PE, which are further divided into:
- Deep Venous Thrombosis: Its classified as
- Superficial
- Upper extremity
- Isolated Calf
- Proximal
- Pulmonary embolism:its classified as
- Silent
- Symptomatic
- Fatal
Epidemiology
Annualy, more than 900,000 cases are reported to have clinicaly evident Venous thromboembolism. More than 300,000 deaths are attributed to pulmonary embolism in United states[1].
Risk Factors
A group of researchers have postulated a risk-prediction algorithm for VTE, to start prophylaxis in patients at risk for VTE. The various variables are as follows[2]. This algorithm does not work in these conditions:
- History of venous thrombosis
- Family history of venous thrombosis.
- Pregnant patients
- Patients on Anticoagulations
- Symptoms suggestive of thrombosis.
| Age | (continuous) |
| Body mass index | (continuous) |
| Smoking status | (non-smoker; ex-smoker; light, moderate, or heavy smoker) |
| Townsend deprivation score | (continuous) |
| Varicose veins | (yes/no) |
| Congestive cardiac failure | (yes/no) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | (yes/no) |
| Chronic renal disease | (yes/no) |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | (yes/no) |
| Cancer | (lung, gastrointestinal, pancreas, renal, breast, prostate, other) |
| Recent hospital admission | yes/no) |
| Recent hip fracture or hip surgery (or both) | yes/no) |
| Current use of antipsychotic drugs | (none, atypical, typical) |
| Current use of tamoxifen | (yes/no) |
| Current use of hormone replacement therapy | (none, equine or non-equine hormone replacement therapy) |
| Use of antiplatelets | (yes/no) |
| Cardiovascular disease | (stroke, transient ischaemic attack, or coronary heart disease) |
| Atrial fibrillation | (yes/no) |
| Asthma | (yes/no) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | (yes/no) |
| Family history of venous thromboembolism | (yes/no) |
To calculate the risk prediction click here
See also
- Venous thromboembolism: Under-recognized and under-treated
- Deep vein thrombosis
- Pulmonary embolism
- Thrombosis
References
- ↑ Heit JA (2008). "The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the community". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 28 (3): 370–2. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.162545. PMC 2873781. PMID 18296591.
- ↑ Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (2011). "Development and validation of risk prediction algorithm (QThrombosis) to estimate future risk of venous thromboembolism: prospective cohort study". BMJ. 343: d4656. doi:10.1136/bmj.d4656. PMC 3156826. PMID 21846713. line feed character in
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