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==References==
==References==
<ref name="pmid29071155">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elawdy MM, Osman Y, Taha DE, Zahran MH, El-Halwagy S, Garba ME, Harraz AM |title=Risk factors and prognosis of intravesical recurrence after surgical management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A 30-year single centre experience |journal=Arab J Urol |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=216–222 |date=September 2017 |pmid=29071155 |pmc=5651950 |doi=10.1016/j.aju.2017.03.006 |url=}}</ref>
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}



Revision as of 15:49, 19 June 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of urethral cancer are history of bladder cancer, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted diseases.

Risk Factors:

Risk factors for urethral cancer include the following:

  • Personal history of bladder cancer.
  • Conditions that cause chronic inflammation in the urethra, including:

References

[1]

  1. Elawdy MM, Osman Y, Taha DE, Zahran MH, El-Halwagy S, Garba ME, Harraz AM (September 2017). "Risk factors and prognosis of intravesical recurrence after surgical management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A 30-year single centre experience". Arab J Urol. 15 (3): 216–222. doi:10.1016/j.aju.2017.03.006. PMC 5651950. PMID 29071155.