Typhoid fever risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of typhoid fever are travel to endemic areas, poor hygiene habits, poor sanitation conditions, flying insects feeding on feces, contact with person recently suffered typhoid fever, recent use of antibiotics, achlorhydria, immunosuppressive illnesses such as AIDS, crowded housing, usage of raw fruits and vegetables contaminated with sewage, prolonged illness, health care workers exposed to typhoid infection, clinical microbiologists handling salmonella typhi, childhood period.
Risk factors
Common risk factors in the development of typhoid fever are[1][2][3][4][5][6]
- Travel to endemic areas
- Poor hygiene habits
- Poor sanitation conditions
- Flying insects feeding on feces
- Contact with person recently suffered typhoid fever
- Recent use of antibiotics
- Achlorhydria
- Immunosuppressive illnesses such as AIDS
- Crowded housing
- Usage of raw fruits and vegetables contaminated with sewage
- Prolonged illness
- Health care workers exposed to typhoid infection
- Clinical microbiologists handling salmonella typhi
- Childhood period
References
- ↑ Luby SP, Faizan MK, Fisher-Hoch SP, Syed A, Mintz ED, Bhutta ZA; et al. (1998). "Risk factors for typhoid fever in an endemic setting, Karachi, Pakistan". Epidemiol Infect. 120 (2): 129–38. PMC 2809381. PMID 9593481.
- ↑ Marshall E, Howells RE (1986). "Turnover of the surface proteins of adult and third and fourth stage larval Brugia pahangi". Mol Biochem Parasitol. 18 (1): 17–24. PMID 2870432.
- ↑ Srikantiah P, Vafokulov S, Luby SP, Ishmail T, Earhart K, Khodjaev N; et al. (2007). "Epidemiology and risk factors for endemic typhoid fever in Uzbekistan". Trop Med Int Health. 12 (7): 838–47. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01853.x. PMID 17596250.
- ↑ Mermin, Jonathan H., et al. "A massive epidemic of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in Tajikistan associated with consumption of municipal water." Journal of Infectious Diseases 179.6 (1999): 1416-1422.
- ↑ Black, Robert E., et al. "Case—control study to identify risk factors for paediatric endemic typhoid fever in Santiago, Chile." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 63.5 (1985): 899.
- ↑ Parry CM, Thompson C, Vinh H, Chinh NT, Phuong le T, Ho VA; et al. (2014). "Risk factors for the development of severe typhoid fever in Vietnam". BMC Infect Dis. 14: 73. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-73. PMC 3923984. PMID 24512443.