Typhoid fever natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

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===Bad prognostic factors===
===Bad prognostic factors===
*Extremes of age<ref name="pmid:10.1136/adc.75.3.214">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=:10.1136/adc.75.3.214 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref><ref>Butler, Thomas, et al. "Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality in Typhoid Fever Dependent on Age and Gender: Review of 552 Hopitalized Patients with Diarrhea." Review of Infectious Diseases 13.1 (1991): 85-90.</ref>
*Extremes of age<ref name="pmid:10.1136/adc.75.3.214">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=:10.1136/adc.75.3.214 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref><ref>Butler, Thomas, et al. "Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality in Typhoid Fever Dependent on Age and Gender: Review of 552 Hopitalized Patients with Diarrhea." Review of Infectious Diseases 13.1 (1991): 85-90.</ref>
*Immunodeficiency
*Immunodeficiency<ref name="pmid22401289">{{cite journal| author=Chalya PL, Mabula JB, Koy M, Kataraihya JB, Jaka H, Mshana SE et al.| title=Typhoid intestinal perforations at a University teaching hospital in Northwestern Tanzania: A surgical experience of 104 cases in a resource-limited setting. | journal=World J Emerg Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 7 | issue=  | pages= 4 | pmid=22401289 | doi=10.1186/1749-7922-7-4 | pmc=3311140 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22401289  }} </ref>
*Limited resources for treatment
*Limited resources for treatment
*Poor compliance with treatment
*Poor compliance with treatment

Revision as of 23:38, 26 August 2016


Typhoid fever Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Natural history

  • The symptoms of typhoid fever usually develop after 5 to 21 days of ingestion of causative organism.
  • In first week of illness, patient develops fever and malaise. Initially, it is low grade, but it rises progressively and is high and sustained by the second week of illness.
  • If left untreated, patient develops complications in second or third week of illness such as intestinal hemorrhage, bleeding and other life threatening illnesses.[1]
  • Without therapy, the illness may last for 3 to 4 weeks and death rates range between 12% and 30%. However, approximately 10 percent of patients with untreated typhoid excrete S. enterica serotype typhi in the feaces for up to three months, 1 to 4 percent become long-term carriers, and excrete the organism for more than one year.[2]

Complications

Common complications of typhoid fever include:[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

Gastrointestinal

Neurologiocal

Cardiovascular

Respiratory

Heamatologic

Other

Prognosis

Worldwide, the prognosis of typhoid fever varies depending on the incidence rate of typhoid fever. The mortality rate of typhoid fever in endemic areas is 1-4% with treatment as compared to 10-30% without treatment[16]. However, the mortality rate in the areas with low incidence of typhoid fever is less than 1% with treatment.[17]

Bad prognostic factors

  • Extremes of age[18][19]
  • Immunodeficiency[20]
  • Limited resources for treatment
  • Poor compliance with treatment
  • Chronic carrier state(gall bladder carcinoma)

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Neil KP, Sodha SV, Lukwago L, O-Tipo S, Mikoleit M, Simington SD; et al. (2012). "A large outbreak of typhoid fever associated with a high rate of intestinal perforation in Kasese District, Uganda, 2008-2009". Clin Infect Dis. 54 (8): 1091–9. doi:10.1093/cid/cis025. PMID 22357703.
  2. Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED (2004). "The global burden of typhoid fever". Bull World Health Organ. 82 (5): 346–53. PMC 2622843. PMID 15298225.
  3. Bitar, Roger, and John Tarpley. "Intestinal perforation in typhoid fever: a historical and state-of-the-art review." Review of Infectious Diseases 7.2 (1985): 257-271.
  4. van Basten JP, Stockenbrügger R (1994). "Typhoid perforation. A review of the literature since 1960". Trop Geogr Med. 46 (6): 336–9. PMID 7892698.
  5. Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR; et al. (1984). "Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone". N Engl J Med. 310 (2): 82–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198401123100203. PMID 6361558.
  6. Punjabi NH, Hoffman SL, Edman DC, Sukri N, Laughlin LW, Pulungsih SP; et al. (1988). "Treatment of severe typhoid fever in children with high dose dexamethasone". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 7 (8): 598–600. PMID 3050856.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Seoud M, Saade G, Uwaydah M, Azoury R (1988). "Typhoid fever in pregnancy". Obstet Gynecol. 71 (5): 711–4. PMID 3357660.
  8. Reed RP, Klugman KP (1994). "Neonatal typhoid fever". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 13 (9): 774–7. PMID 7808844.
  9. 9.0 9.1 Wain J, Hien TT, Connerton P, Ali T, Parry CM, Chinh NT; et al. (1999). "Molecular typing of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Vietnam: application to acute and relapse cases of typhoid fever". J Clin Microbiol. 37 (8): 2466–72. PMC 85257. PMID 10405386.
  10. Levine, Myron M., Robert E. Black, and Claudio Lanata. "Precise estimation of the numbers of chronic carriers of Salmonella typhi in Santiago, Chile, an endemic area." Journal of Infectious Diseases 146.6 (1982): 724-726.
  11. 11.0 11.1 Gupta SP, Gupta MS, Bhardwaj S, Chugh TD (1985). "Current clinical patterns of typhoid fever: a prospective study". J Trop Med Hyg. 88 (6): 377–81. PMID 3837121.
  12. 12.0 12.1 Huang DB, DuPont HL (2005). "Problem pathogens: extra-intestinal complications of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi infection". Lancet Infect Dis. 5 (6): 341–8. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70138-9. PMID 15919620.
  13. Lutterloh E, Likaka A, Sejvar J, Manda R, Naiene J, Monroe SS; et al. (2012). "Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever with neurologic findings on the Malawi-Mozambique border". Clin Infect Dis. 54 (8): 1100–6. doi:10.1093/cid/cis012. PMID 22357702.
  14. Bitar, Roger, and John Tarpley. "Intestinal perforation in typhoid fever: a historical and state-of-the-art review." Review of Infectious Diseases 7.2 (1985): 257-271.
  15. Ali G, Rashid S, Kamli MA, Shah PA, Allaqaband GQ (1997). "Spectrum of neuropsychiatric complications in 791 cases of typhoid fever". Trop Med Int Health. 2 (4): 314–8. PMID 9171838.
  16. Daul CB, deShazo RD, Andes WA, Pankey GA (1986). "Immunologic studies in homosexual and hemophiliac subjects with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy: a comparative analysis". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 77 (2): 295–301. PMID 3484760.
  17. Lynch MF, Blanton EM, Bulens S, Polyak C, Vojdani J, Stevenson J; et al. (2009). "Typhoid fever in the United States, 1999-2006". JAMA. 302 (8): 859–65. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1229. PMID 19706859.
  18. Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID :10.1136/adc.75.3.214 Check |pmid= value (help).
  19. Butler, Thomas, et al. "Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality in Typhoid Fever Dependent on Age and Gender: Review of 552 Hopitalized Patients with Diarrhea." Review of Infectious Diseases 13.1 (1991): 85-90.
  20. Chalya PL, Mabula JB, Koy M, Kataraihya JB, Jaka H, Mshana SE; et al. (2012). "Typhoid intestinal perforations at a University teaching hospital in Northwestern Tanzania: A surgical experience of 104 cases in a resource-limited setting". World J Emerg Surg. 7: 4. doi:10.1186/1749-7922-7-4. PMC 3311140. PMID 22401289.

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