Typhoid fever classification: Difference between revisions

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===Serological type===
===Serological type===
'''Salmonella enterica serotype typhi'''
'''Salmonella enterica serotype typhi'''
*causes classic typhoid fever syndrome
*Causes classic typhoid fever syndrome<ref name="pmid27479027">{{cite journal| author=MacFadden DR, Bogoch II, Andrews JR| title=Advances in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of invasive Salmonella infections. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 29 | issue= 5 | pages= 453-458 | pmid=27479027 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0000000000000302 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27479027  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19706859">{{cite journal| author=Lynch MF, Blanton EM, Bulens S, Polyak C, Vojdani J, Stevenson J et al.| title=Typhoid fever in the United States, 1999-2006. | journal=JAMA | year= 2009 | volume= 302 | issue= 8 | pages= 859-65 | pmid=19706859 | doi=10.1001/jama.2009.1229 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19706859  }} </ref>


'''other serotypes'''
'''other serotypes'''
*causes typhoid fever like syndrome
*causes typhoid fever like syndrome<ref name="pmid27525393">{{cite journal| author=Güleşen R, Levent B, Üvey M, Bayrak H, Akgeyik M| title=[Serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella strains recovered from environmental samples between 2008-2014]. | journal=Mikrobiyol Bul | year= 2016 | volume= 50 | issue= 3 | pages= 371-81 | pmid=27525393 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27525393  }} </ref><ref name="pmid13207112">{{cite journal| author=SAPHRA I, WASSERMANN M| title=Salmonella cholerae suis: a clinical and epidemiological evaluation of 329 infections identified between 1940 and 1954 in the New York Salmonella Center. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 1954 | volume= 228 | issue= 5 | pages= 525-33 | pmid=13207112 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13207112  }} </ref>
:*Salmonella paratyphi A
:*Salmonella paratyphi A
:*Salmonella paratyphi B
:*Salmonella paratyphi B

Revision as of 16:43, 31 August 2016


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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified based on duration of illness, serologic type causing disease, severity of illness and virulence factors.[1]

Classification

There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified as follows.[1]

Duration of illness

Acute disease

  • Sudden in onset
  • Severe by nature
  • Lasts < 12 months
  • Mostly symptomatic

Chronic disease

  • Lasts > 12 months[2][3]
  • Less severe
  • Asymptomatic
  • Spread infection to others[4]

Serological type

Salmonella enterica serotype typhi

  • Causes classic typhoid fever syndrome[5][1][6]

other serotypes

  • causes typhoid fever like syndrome[7][8]
  • Salmonella paratyphi A
  • Salmonella paratyphi B
  • Salmonella paratyphi C
  • Salmonella choleraesuis

Severity of illness

Mild disease

  • Early diagnosis and treatment
  • Antibiotic susceptibility
  • Absence of complications

Moderate to severe disease

  • Late presentation
  • Presence of complications
  • Antibiotic resistance

Virulence factors

High virulence factors

  • PhoP/phoQ genes[9]
  • CdtB protein[10]
  • Vi antigen positive strains[1]

Low virulence factors

  • Absence of above factors
  • Presence of following host factors[11][12][3]
  • C282 mutation
  • CFTR mutation

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). "Typhoid fever". N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.
  2. ↑ Lai CW, Chan RC, Cheng AF, Sung JY, Leung JW (1992). "Common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis". Am J Gastroenterol. 87 (9): 1198–9. PMID 1519582.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V (1993). "Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state". J Infect Dis. 167 (4): 993–4. PMID 8450268.
  4. ↑ Dham SK, Thompson RA (1982). "Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers". Clin Exp Immunol. 50 (1): 34–40. PMC 1536860. PMID 7172510.
  5. ↑ MacFadden DR, Bogoch II, Andrews JR (2016). "Advances in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of invasive Salmonella infections". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 29 (5): 453–458. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000302. PMID 27479027.
  6. ↑ Lynch MF, Blanton EM, Bulens S, Polyak C, Vojdani J, Stevenson J; et al. (2009). "Typhoid fever in the United States, 1999-2006". JAMA. 302 (8): 859–65. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1229. PMID 19706859.
  7. ↑ Güleşen R, Levent B, Üvey M, Bayrak H, Akgeyik M (2016). "[Serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella strains recovered from environmental samples between 2008-2014]". Mikrobiyol Bul. 50 (3): 371–81. PMID 27525393.
  8. ↑ SAPHRA I, WASSERMANN M (1954). "Salmonella cholerae suis: a clinical and epidemiological evaluation of 329 infections identified between 1940 and 1954 in the New York Salmonella Center". Am J Med Sci. 228 (5): 525–33. PMID 13207112.
  9. ↑ Hohmann EL, Oletta CA, Killeen KP, Miller SI (1996). "phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella typhi (Ty800) is a safe and immunogenic single-dose typhoid fever vaccine in volunteers". J Infect Dis. 173 (6): 1408–14. PMID 8648213.
  10. ↑ Spanò S, Ugalde JE, Galán JE (2008). "Delivery of a Salmonella Typhi exotoxin from a host intracellular compartment". Cell Host Microbe. 3 (1): 30–8. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2007.11.001. PMID 18191792.
  11. ↑ Darton TC, Blohmke CJ, Giannoulatou E, Waddington CS, Jones C, Sturges P; et al. (2015). "Rapidly Escalating Hepcidin and Associated Serum Iron Starvation Are Features of the Acute Response to Typhoid Infection in Humans". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9 (9): e0004029. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004029. PMC 4578949. PMID 26394303.
  12. ↑ Weinberg ED (2008). "Survival advantage of the hemochromatosis C282Y mutation". Perspect Biol Med. 51 (1): 98–102. doi:10.1353/pbm.2008.0001. PMID 18192769.

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