Tranexamic
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alara Ece Dagsali
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Overview
Tranexamic is a hemophilia drug that is FDA approved for the prevention of Tranexamic acid injection is indicated in patients with hemophilia for short-term use (2 to 8 days) to reduce or prevent hemorrhage and reduce the need for replacement therapy during and following tooth extraction.. Common adverse reactions include Thromboembolic Risk Seizures Hypersensitivity Reactions Visual Disturbances Dizziness.
Adult Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
The recommended dose of tranexamic acid injection is 10 mg/kg actual body weight intravenously administered as a single dose, immediately before tooth extractions Infuse no more than 1 mL/minute to avoid hypotension. Following tooth extraction, tranexamic acid injection may be administered for 2 to 8 days at a dose of 10 mg/kg actual body weight 3 to 4 times daily, intravenously.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
For intravenous infusion, tranexamic acid Injection may be mixed with most solutions for infusion such as electrolyte solutions, carbohydrate solutions, amino acid solutions, and Dextran solutions. Heparin may be added to tranexamic acid Injection. Tranexamic acid Injection should NOT be mixed with blood. The drug is a synthetic amino acid and should NOT be mixed with solutions containing penicillin.
Discard any unused portion.
The diluted mixture may be stored for up to 4 hours at room temperature prior to patient administration.
2.2 Recommended Dosage for Patients With Varying Degrees of Renal Impairment For patients with moderate to severe impaired renal function, the following dosages are recommended:
Recommended Dosage in Patients With Varying Degrees of Renal Impairment
Serum Creatinine (mg/dL) Tranexamic Acid Intravenous Dosage 1.36 to 2.83 (120 to 250 micromol/L) 10 mg/kg twice daily 2.83 to 5.66 (250 to 500 micromol/L) 10 mg/kg daily >5.66 (>500 micromol/L) 10 mg/kg every 48 hours or
5 mg/kg every 24 hours
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)
Pediatric Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
There are limited data concerning the use of tranexamic acid injection in pediatric patients with hemophilia who are undergoing tooth extraction. The limited data suggest that there are no significant pharmacokinetic differences between adults and pediatric patients.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)
Contraindications
Tranexamic acid Injection is contraindicated:
In patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Anecdotal experience indicates that cerebral edema and cerebral infarction may be caused by tranexamic acid injection in such patients. In patients with active intravascular clotting In patients with hypersensitivity to tranexamic acid or any of the ingredients
Warnings
5.1 Thromboembolic Risk Tranexamic acid injection is contraindicated in patients with active intravascular clotting.
Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic and may increase the risk of thromboembolic events. Venous and arterial thrombosis or thromboembolism has been reported in patients treated with tranexamic acid injection. Avoid concomitant use of tranexamic acid injection and medical products that are pro-thrombotic, as the risk of thrombosis may be increased. These medications include but are not limited to, Factor IX Complex concentrates, Anti-inhibitor Coagulant concentrates, and hormonal contraceptives 5.2 Risk of Medication Errors Due to Incorrect Route of Administration Tranexamic acid injection is for intravenous use only. Serious adverse reactions including seizures and cardiac arrythmias have occurred when tranexamic acid injection was inadvertently administered intrathecally instead of intravenously.
Confirm the correct route of administration for tranexamic acid injection and avoid confusion with other injectable solutions that might be administered at the same time as tranexamic acid injection. Syringes containing tranexamic acid injection should be clearly labeled with the intravenous route of administration.
5.3 Seizures Tranexamic acid injection may cause seizures, including focal and generalized seizures. The most common setting for tranexamic acid-induced seizures has been during cardiovascular surgery (a setting in which tranexamic acid injection is not FDA-approved and which uses doses of up to 10-fold higher than the recommended human dose and in patients inadvertently given tranexamic acid into the neuraxial system). Tranexamic acid injection is not approved and not recommended for neuraxial administration. Consider dose reduction during surgery and dose adjustments for patients with clinical conditions such as renal dysfunction. Closely monitor the patient during surgery. Consider electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring for patients with history of seizures or who experience myoclonic movements, twitching, or show evidence of focal seizures. Discontinue tranexamic acid injection if seizures occur.
5.4 Hypersensitivity Reactions Cases of hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylactic reactions, have occurred with use of intravenous tranexamic acid. Discontinue treatment with tranexamic acid injection if serious reaction occurs, provide appropriate medical management, and do not restart treatment. Tranexamic acid injection is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to tranexamic acid.
5.5 Visual Disturbances Although not seen in humans, focal areas of retinal degeneration have been observed in cats and dogs following oral or intravenous tranexamic acid at doses between 250 to 1600 mg/kg/day (1.6 to 22 times the recommended usual human dose based on body surface area) from 6 days to 1 year. No retinal changes have been observed in eye examinations of patients treated with tranexamic acid for up to 8 years. Patients expected to be treated for greater than 3 months may consider ophthalmic monitoring including visual acuity and optical coherence tomography at regular intervals.
Discontinue tranexamic acid injection if changes in ophthalmological examination occurs.
5.6 Dizziness Tranexamic acid injection may cause dizziness. Concomitant use of other drugs that may also cause dizziness may worsen this effect. Advise patients to avoid driving or using machines until they know how tranexamic acid injection affects them.
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
Thromboembolic Risk Seizures Hypersensitivity Reactions Visual Disturbances Dizziness
Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of tranexamic acid. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) may occur and may resolve with dose-reduction. Allergic dermatitis and giddiness have been reported. Hypotension has been reported when intravenous injection is too rapid.
Thromboembolic events (e.g., deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cerebral thrombosis, acute renal cortical necrosis, and central retinal artery, vein obstruction and cases associated with concomitant use of combination hormonal contraceptives) have been rarely reported in patients receiving tranexamic acid for indications other than hemorrhage prevention in patients with hemophilia. Convulsion, chromatopsia, and visual impairment have also been reported.
Anaphylaxis or anaphylactoid reactions have been reported that are suggestive of a causal relationship.
Drug Interactions
7.1 Prothrombotic Medical Products Avoid concomitant use of tranexamic acid injection with medical products that are prothrombotic because concomitant use can further increase the risk of thromboembolic adverse reactions associated with tranexamic acid
Use in Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category (FDA): Available data from published studies, case series and case reports with tranexamic acid use in pregnant women in the second and third trimester and at the time of delivery have not clarified whether there is a drug-associated risk of miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. There are 2 (0.02%) infant cases with structural abnormalities that resulted in death when tranexamic acid was used during conception or the first trimester of pregnancy; however, due to other confounding factors the risk of major birth defects with use of tranexamic acid during pregnancy is not clear. Tranexamic acid is known to pass the placenta and appears in cord blood at concentrations approximately equal to maternal concentration.
Reproduction studies performed in mice, rats, and rabbits have not revealed any adverse effects on the fetus due to tranexamic acid administered during organogenesis. Doses examined were multiples of up to 3 times (mouse), 6 times (rat), and 3 times (rabbit) the maximum human dose based on body surface area in the mouse, rat, and rabbit, respectively.
The estimated background risk for major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in the clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.
It is not known whether tranexamic acid use in pregnant women may cause a drug-associated risk of miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. For decisions regarding the use of tranexamic acid injection during pregnancy, the potential risk of tranexamic acid injection administration on the fetus should always be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for tranexamic acid injection; an accurate risk-benefit evaluation should drive the treating physician’s decision.
Tranexamic acid passes through the placenta. The concentration in cord blood after an intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg to pregnant women is about 30 mg/L, as high as in the maternal blood.
There were 13 clinical studies that described fetal and/or neonatal functional issues such as low Apgar score, neonatal sepsis, cephalohematoma and 9 clinical studies that discussed alterations to growth including low birth weight and preterm birth at 22 to 36 weeks of gestation in fetuses and infants exposed to tranexamic acid in-utero.
Pregnancy Category (AUS):
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Tranexamic in women who are pregnant.
Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Tranexamic during labor and delivery.
Nursing Mothers
Published literature reports the presence of tranexamic acid in human milk. There are no data on the effects of tranexamic acid on the breastfed child or the effects on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for tranexamic acid injection and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from tranexamic acid injection or from the underlying maternal condition.
Pediatric Use
There are limited data concerning the use of tranexamic acid injection in pediatric patients with hemophilia who are undergoing tooth extraction. The limited data suggest that there are no significant pharmacokinetic differences between adults and pediatric patients.
Geriatic Use
Clinical studies of tranexamic acid injection did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients.
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function
Gender
Concomitant use of tranexamic acid injection, which is an antifibrinolytic, with hormonal contraceptives may increase the risk for thromboembolic adverse reactions. Advise patients to use an effective alternative (nonhormonal) contraceptive method
Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Tranexamic with respect to specific racial populations.
Renal Impairment
Reduce the dosage of tranexamic acid injection in patients with renal impairment, based on the patient’s serum creatinine
Hepatic Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Tranexamic in patients with hepatic impairment.
Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
Concomitant use of tranexamic acid injection, which is an antifibrinolytic, with hormonal contraceptives may increase the risk for thromboembolic adverse reactions. Advise patients to use an effective alternative (nonhormonal) contraceptive method
Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Tranexamic in patients who are immunocompromised.
Administration and Monitoring
Administration
The recommended dose of tranexamic acid injection is 10 mg/kg actual body weight intravenously administered as a single dose, immediately before tooth extractions Infuse no more than 1 mL/minute to avoid hypotension. Following tooth extraction, tranexamic acid injection may be administered for 2 to 8 days at a dose of 10 mg/kg actual body weight 3 to 4 times daily, intravenously.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
For intravenous infusion, tranexamic acid Injection may be mixed with most solutions for infusion such as electrolyte solutions, carbohydrate solutions, amino acid solutions, and Dextran solutions. Heparin may be added to tranexamic acid Injection. Tranexamic acid Injection should NOT be mixed with blood. The drug is a synthetic amino acid and should NOT be mixed with solutions containing penicillin.
Discard any unused portion.
The diluted mixture may be stored for up to 4 hours at room temperature prior to patient administration.
2.2 Recommended Dosage for Patients With Varying Degrees of Renal Impairment For patients with moderate to severe impaired renal function, the following dosages are recommended:
Recommended Dosage in Patients With Varying Degrees of Renal Impairment
Serum Creatinine (mg/dL) Tranexamic Acid Intravenous Dosage 1.36 to 2.83 (120 to 250 micromol/L) 10 mg/kg twice daily 2.83 to 5.66 (250 to 500 micromol/L) 10 mg/kg daily >5.66 (>500 micromol/L) 10 mg/kg every 48 hours or
5 mg/kg every 24 hours
Monitoring
There is limited information regarding Tranexamic Monitoring in the drug label.
IV Compatibility
There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Tranexamic and IV administrations.
Overdosage
Cases of overdosage of tranexamic acid injection have been reported. Based on these reports, symptoms of overdosage may be gastrointestinal, e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; hypotensive, e.g., orthostatic symptoms; thromboembolic, e.g., arterial, venous, embolic; neurologic, e.g., visual impairment, convulsions, headache, mental status changes; myoclonus; and rash.
Pharmacology
There is limited information regarding Tranexamic Pharmacology in the drug label.
Mechanism of Action
Tranexamic acid is a synthetic lysine amino acid derivative, which diminishes the dissolution of hemostatic fibrin by plasmin. In the presence of tranexamic acid, the lysine receptor binding sites of plasmin for fibrin are occupied, preventing binding to fibrin monomers, thus preserving and stabilizing fibrin’s matrix structure.
The antifibrinolytic effects of tranexamic acid are mediated by reversible interactions at multiple binding sites within plasminogen. Native human plasminogen contains 4 to 5 lysine binding sites with low affinity for tranexamic acid (Kd = 750 μmol/L) and 1 with high affinity (Kd = 1.1 μmol/L). The high affinity lysine site of plasminogen is involved in its binding to fibrin. Saturation of the high affinity binding site with tranexamic acid displaces plasminogen from the surface of fibrin. Although plasmin may be formed by conformational changes in plasminogen, binding to and dissolution of the fibrin matrix is inhibited.
Structure
In the presence of tranexamic acid, the lysine receptor binding sites of plasmin for fibrin are occupied, preventing binding to fibrin monomers, thus preserving and stabilizing fibrin’s matrix structure.
Pharmacodynamics
Tranexamic acid, in concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL prolongs the thrombin time. An antifibrinolytic concentration of tranexamic acid remains in different tissues for about 17 hours, and in the serum, up to 7 or 8 hours.
Tranexamic acid in concentrations up to 10 mg/mL blood has no influence on the platelet count, the coagulation time or various coagulation factors in whole blood or citrated blood from healthy subjects
Pharmacokinetics
Distribution
The initial volume of distribution is about 9 to 12 liters. The plasma protein binding of tranexamic acid is about 3% at therapeutic plasma levels and seems to be fully accounted for by its binding to plasminogen. Tranexamic acid does not bind to serum albumin.
Elimination
After an intravenous dose of 1 g, the plasma concentration time curve shows a tri exponential decay with a half-life of about 2 hours for the terminal elimination phase.
Excretion
Urinary excretion is the main route of elimination via glomerular filtration. Overall renal clearance is equal to overall plasma clearance (110 to 116 mL/min), and more than 95% of the dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug. Excretion of tranexamic acid is about 90% at 24 hours after intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg body weight.
Specific Populations
Patients with Renal Impairment
The blood levels of tranexamic acid are increased in patients with renal insufficiency. Urinary excretion following a single intravenous injection of tranexamic acid declines as renal function decreases. Following a single 10 mg/kg intravenous injection of tranexamic acid, the 24-hour urinary fractions of tranexamic acid with serum creatinine concentrations 1.4 to 2.8, 2.8 to 5.7, and greater than 5.7 mg/dL were 51, 39, and 19%, respectively. The 24-hour tranexamic acid plasma concentrations for these patients demonstrated a direct relationship to the degree of renal impairment. Therefore, dose adjustment is needed in patients with renal impairment
Drug Interaction Studies
No studies of interactions between tranexamic acid injection and other drugs have been conducted.
Nonclinical Toxicology
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Tranexamic acid was not carcinogenic in a 2-year study in rats and mice at oral doses up to 3 and 5.3 g/kg/day, which are approximately 12 and 11 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area, respectively.
Tranexamic acid was not genotoxic in the reverse mutation bacterial (Ames) test, and in vitro and in vivo cytogenetic test.
In a fertility and early embryonic development study, tranexamic acid was administered to male rats as 0.3% and 1% of drug in diet (average doses of 222 and 856 mg/kg/day) or to female rats at dose levels of 0.3% and 1.2% of drug in diet. Tranexamic acid had no effect on fertility or reproductive function of male or female rats at dose multiples of 4 or 5 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area, respectively.
13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology Nonclinical studies have shown a retinal toxicity associated with tranexamic acid. Toxicity is characterized by retinal atrophy commencing with changes to the retinal pigmented epithelium and progressing to retinal detachment in cats. The toxicity appears to be dose related, and changes are partially reversible at lower doses. Effects were observed in dogs at oral doses of 800 mg/kg/day and higher (multiple of 11 times the maximum human dose based on body surface area), and in cats at 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days (multiple of 1.6 times the maximum human dose based on body surface area). Some fully reversible changes in pigmentation were observed in cats at doses of 125 mg/kg/day (multiple of 0.8 times the maximum human dose based on body surface area). Studies suggest that the underlying mechanism may be related to a transient retinal ischemia at high exposures, linked to the known sympathomimetic effect of high plasma exposures of tranexamic acid.
Clinical Studies
Nonclinical studies have shown a retinal toxicity associated with tranexamic acid. Toxicity is characterized by retinal atrophy commencing with changes to the retinal pigmented epithelium and progressing to retinal detachment in cats. The toxicity appears to be dose related, and changes are partially reversible at lower doses. Effects were observed in dogs at oral doses of 800 mg/kg/day and higher (multiple of 11 times the maximum human dose based on body surface area), and in cats at 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days (multiple of 1.6 times the maximum human dose based on body surface area). Some fully reversible changes in pigmentation were observed in cats at doses of 125 mg/kg/day (multiple of 0.8 times the maximum human dose based on body surface area). Studies suggest that the underlying mechanism may be related to a transient retinal ischemia at high exposures, linked to the known sympathomimetic effect of high plasma exposures of tranexamic acid.
How Supplied
Tranexamic Acid Injection 100 mg/mL is a clear, colorless solution and is available as follows.
Mono Carton of 10 mL glass vials (10 mL fill in 10 mL glass vials) NDC 72485-107-01
Carton of 10 x 10 mL NDC 72485-107-10
Storage
Store at 20ºC to 25°C (68ºF to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F)
Images
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Patient Counseling Information
Thromboembolic Risk
Inform patients that tranexamic acid injection may increase the risk of venous and arterial thrombosis or thromboembolism and to contact their healthcare provider for any signs or symptoms suggestive of thromboembolism.
Advise patients using hormonal contraception that combined use with tranexamic acid injection may increase the risk for thromboembolic adverse reactions and to use effective alternative (nonhormonal) contraception during therapy with tranexamic acid injection
Seizures
Inform patients that tranexamic acid injection may cause seizures and to contact their healthcare provider for any signs or symptoms suggestive of seizures.
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Inform patients that tranexamic acid injection may cause hypersensitivity reactions and to contact their healthcare provider for any signs or symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions .
Visual Disturbances
Inform patients that tranexamic acid injection can cause visual disturbance and that they should report any eye symptoms or change in their vision to their healthcare provider and to follow-up with an ophthalmologist for a complete ophthalmologic evaluation, including dilated retinal examination of the retina.
Risk of Driving and Operating Machinery
Inform patients that tranexamic acid injection may cause dizziness, and that the patient should be cautioned about driving, operating machinery, or performing hazardous tasks while taking tranexamic acid injection.
Rx only
Intravenous Use Only
Discard unused portion.
Each vial contains 1g tranexamic acid.
DOSAGE AND USE: See accompanying prescribing information
Manufactured by: Micro Labs Limited Bangalore- 560 099, INDIA.
M. L. No.: KTK/28/357/2006
Distributed by: Armas Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Freehold, NJ 07728 (USA)
Rev. 09/2022
Precautions with Alcohol
Alcohol-Tranexamic interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor regarding the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
Brand Names
Cyklokapron
Look-Alike Drug Names
There is limited information regarding Tranexamic Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.
Drug Shortage Status
Price
References
The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.