Tonsillitis natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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In very rare cases of strep throat, diseases like [[rheumatic fever]]<ref name="pharyngitis-cochrane">{{cite journal |author=Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB |title=Antibiotics for sore throat |journal=[[Cochrane Library|Cochrane Database Syst Rev]] |issue=2 |pages=CD000023 |year=2004 |pmid=15106140 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub2 |url=http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD000023/frame.html |editor1-last=Del Mar |editor1-first=Chris}} — Meta-analysis of published research</ref> or [[glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="pmid11344703">{{cite journal |author=Zoch-Zwierz W, Wasilewska A, Biernacka A, ''et al.'' |title=[The course of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis depending on methods of treatment for the preceding respiratory tract infection] |language=Polish |journal=Wiad. Lek. |volume=54 |issue=1–2 |pages=56–63 |year=2001 |pmid=11344703 }}</ref> can occur. These complications are extremely rare in developed nations but remain a significant problem in poorer nations.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Antibiotics for sore throat to prevent rheumatic fever: Yes or No? How the Cochrane Library can help | journal=CMAJ | month=September 28 | year=2004 | volume=171 | issue=7 | doi=10.1503/cmaj.1041275 | url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/171/7/721 | author=Ohlsson, A. | pages=721–3 | pmid=15451830 | last2=Clark | first2=K | pmc=517851}} — Canadian Medical Association Journal commentary on Cochrane analysis</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Treatment of sore throat in light of the Cochrane verdict: is the jury still out? | journal=MJA | year=2002 | volume=177 | issue=9 | pages=512–5| url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/177_09_041102/dan10028_fm.html | pmid=12405896 | last1=Danchin | first1=MH | last2=Curtis | first2=N | last3=Nolan | first3=TM | last4=Carapetis | first4=JR}} — Medical Journal of Australia commentary on Cochrane analysis</ref> Tonsillitis associated with strep throat, if untreated, is hypothesized to lead to pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections ([[PANDAS]]).<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Group A streptococcal infections |editor=Pickering, Larry K. |title=Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases (Red Book Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases) |publisher=Amer Academy of Pediatrics |year=2006 |isbn=1-58110-194-5 }}</ref> | In very rare cases of strep throat, diseases like [[rheumatic fever]]<ref name="pharyngitis-cochrane">{{cite journal |author=Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB |title=Antibiotics for sore throat |journal=[[Cochrane Library|Cochrane Database Syst Rev]] |issue=2 |pages=CD000023 |year=2004 |pmid=15106140 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub2 |url=http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD000023/frame.html |editor1-last=Del Mar |editor1-first=Chris}} — Meta-analysis of published research</ref> or [[glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="pmid11344703">{{cite journal |author=Zoch-Zwierz W, Wasilewska A, Biernacka A, ''et al.'' |title=[The course of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis depending on methods of treatment for the preceding respiratory tract infection] |language=Polish |journal=Wiad. Lek. |volume=54 |issue=1–2 |pages=56–63 |year=2001 |pmid=11344703 }}</ref> can occur. These complications are extremely rare in developed nations but remain a significant problem in poorer nations.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Antibiotics for sore throat to prevent rheumatic fever: Yes or No? How the Cochrane Library can help | journal=CMAJ | month=September 28 | year=2004 | volume=171 | issue=7 | doi=10.1503/cmaj.1041275 | url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/171/7/721 | author=Ohlsson, A. | pages=721–3 | pmid=15451830 | last2=Clark | first2=K | pmc=517851}} — Canadian Medical Association Journal commentary on Cochrane analysis</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Treatment of sore throat in light of the Cochrane verdict: is the jury still out? | journal=MJA | year=2002 | volume=177 | issue=9 | pages=512–5| url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/177_09_041102/dan10028_fm.html | pmid=12405896 | last1=Danchin | first1=MH | last2=Curtis | first2=N | last3=Nolan | first3=TM | last4=Carapetis | first4=JR}} — Medical Journal of Australia commentary on Cochrane analysis</ref> Tonsillitis associated with strep throat, if untreated, is hypothesized to lead to pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections ([[PANDAS]]).<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Group A streptococcal infections |editor=Pickering, Larry K. |title=Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases (Red Book Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases) |publisher=Amer Academy of Pediatrics |year=2006 |isbn=1-58110-194-5 }}</ref> | ||
===Prognosis=== | |||
[[Tonsillitis]] symptoms usually improve 2 or 3 days after [http://wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Treatment&action=edit&redlink=1 treatment] starts. The [[infection]] usually is cured after treatment is completed, but some people may need more than one course of [[antibiotics]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 13:25, 26 September 2012
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Tonsillitis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Tonsillitis natural history, complications and prognosis On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Tonsillitis natural history, complications and prognosis |
|
FDA on Tonsillitis natural history, complications and prognosis |
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CDC on Tonsillitis natural history, complications and prognosis |
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Tonsillitis natural history, complications and prognosis in the news |
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Blogs on Tonsillitis natural history, complications and prognosis |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Tonsillitis natural history, complications and prognosis |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Complications
Complications may rarely include dehydration and kidney failure due to difficulty swallowing, blocked airways due to inflammation, and pharyngitis due to the spread of infection.[1][2][3][4][5]
An abscess may develop lateral to the tonsil during an infection, typically several days after the onset of tonsillitis. This is termed a peritonsillar abscess (or quinsy). Rarely, the infection may spread beyond the tonsil resulting in inflammation and infection of the internal jugular vein giving rise to a spreading septicaemia infection (Lemierre's syndrome).
In chronic/recurrent cases (generally defined as seven episodes of tonsillitis in the preceding year, five episodes in each of the preceding two years or three episodes in each of the preceding three years),[6][7][8] or in acute cases where the palatine tonsils become so swollen that swallowing is impaired, a tonsillectomy can be performed to remove the tonsils. Patients whose tonsils have been removed are still protected from infection by the rest of their immune system.
In very rare cases of strep throat, diseases like rheumatic fever[9] or glomerulonephritis[10] can occur. These complications are extremely rare in developed nations but remain a significant problem in poorer nations.[11][12] Tonsillitis associated with strep throat, if untreated, is hypothesized to lead to pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS).[13]
Prognosis
Tonsillitis symptoms usually improve 2 or 3 days after treatment starts. The infection usually is cured after treatment is completed, but some people may need more than one course of antibiotics.
References
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. (1999). "6.3 Referral Criteria for Tonsillectomy". Management of Sore Throat and Indications for Tonsillectomy. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. ISBN 1-899893-66-0. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help); External link in|publisher=(help) — notes though that these criteria "have been arrived at arbitrarily" from:
Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Bachman RZ; et al. (1984). "Efficacy of tonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in severely affected children. Results of parallel randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials". N. Engl. J. Med. 310 (11): 674–83. doi:10.1056/NEJM198403153101102. PMID 6700642. - ↑ Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Colborn DK, Bernard BS, Rockette HE, Kurs-Lasky M (2002). "Tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in moderately affected children". Pediatrics. 110 (1 Pt 1): 7–15. doi:10.1542/peds.110.1.7. PMID 12093941. — this later study by the same team looked at less severely affected children and concluded "modest benefit conferred by tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy in children moderately affected with recurrent throat infection seems not to justify the inherent risks, morbidity, and cost of the operations"
- ↑ Wolfensberger M, Mund MT (2004). "[Evidence based indications for tonsillectomy]". Ther Umsch (in German). 61 (5): 325–8. PMID 15195718. — review of literature of the past 25 years concludes "No consensus has yet been reached, however, about the number of annual episodes that justify tonsillectomy"
- ↑ Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB (2004). Del Mar, Chris, ed. "Antibiotics for sore throat". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD000023. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub2. PMID 15106140. — Meta-analysis of published research
- ↑ Zoch-Zwierz W, Wasilewska A, Biernacka A; et al. (2001). "[The course of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis depending on methods of treatment for the preceding respiratory tract infection]". Wiad. Lek. (in Polish). 54 (1–2): 56–63. PMID 11344703.
- ↑ Ohlsson, A.; Clark, K (2004). "Antibiotics for sore throat to prevent rheumatic fever: Yes or No? How the Cochrane Library can help". CMAJ. 171 (7): 721–3. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1041275. PMC 517851. PMID 15451830. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) — Canadian Medical Association Journal commentary on Cochrane analysis - ↑ Danchin, MH; Curtis, N; Nolan, TM; Carapetis, JR (2002). "Treatment of sore throat in light of the Cochrane verdict: is the jury still out?". MJA. 177 (9): 512–5. PMID 12405896. — Medical Journal of Australia commentary on Cochrane analysis
- ↑ Pickering, Larry K., ed. (2006). "Group A streptococcal infections". Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases (Red Book Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases). Amer Academy of Pediatrics. ISBN 1-58110-194-5.