Thyroid nodule pathophysiology

Thyroid nodule Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host. Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell. On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name]. On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name]. [Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern. [Disease/malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells]. Development of [disease name] is the result from multiple genetic mutations. Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include [gene1], [gene2], and [gene3]. The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway]. The pathophysiology of [disease name] depends on the histological subtype.

Pathogenesis

• Pathogenesis is the mechanism by which a certain factor causes disease (pathos = disease, genesis = development). The term can also be used to describe the development of the disease, whether it is acute, chronic, or recurrent. It can also be used to describe whether the disease causes inflammation, malignancy,necrosis etc.

Genetics

• Some diseases are genetic, and have particular inheritance patterns, and express different phenotypes.
• The effect that genetics may have on the pathophysiology of a disease can be described in this section.

Associated Conditions

• Conditions associated with the disease can be detailed in this section.

Gross Pathology

• Gross pathology refers to macroscopic or larger scale manifestations of disease in organs, tissues and body cavities. The term is commonly used by pathologist to refer to diagnostically useful findings made during the gross examination portion of surgical specimen processing or an autopsy.
• This section is a good place to include pictures. Search for copyleft images on The Pathology Wiki [1] and Ask Dr. Wiki [2].

classification	FNA cytology	Gross pathology	Microscopic pathology
Benign	Macrofollicular Adenomatoid/hyperplastic nodules Colloid adenomas (most common) Nodular goiter Lymphocytic thyroiditis Granulomatous thyroiditis
Follicular lesion of undetermined significance	Mixed macro- and microfollicular nodules
Atypia of undetermined significance	Atypical cells
Follicular neoplasm	Microfollicular nodules Hurthle cell lesions
Suspicious for a follicular neoplasm	Suspicious for Hurthle cell neoplasm
Malignant	PTC (most common) MTC Anaplastic carcinoma High-grade metastatic cancers

Microscopic Pathology

• Microscopic pathology is the disease process as it occurs at the microscopic level.
• This section is a good place to include pictures. Search for copyleft images on The Pathology Wiki [3] and Ask Dr. Wiki [4].
• Both polyclonal and monoclonal nodules appear similar on fine needle aspiration (FNA) (macrofollicular) and are benign 8426623
• Thus, the diagnosis of follicular cancer in situ does not exist, because vascular or capsular invasion is required to make the diagnosis of follicular cancer. 8420446