Systemic lupus erythematosus risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The most potent [[risk factor]] in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus is | The most potent [[risk factor]] in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus is gender; females are more likely to develop SLE.<ref name="pmid168962824">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grimaldi CM |title=Sex and systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of the sex hormones estrogen and prolactin on the regulation of autoreactive B cells |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=456–61 |year=2006 |pmid=16896282 |doi=10.1097/01.bor.0000240354.37927.dd |url=}}</ref> Other risk factors include [[HLA]] [[genetic mutations]]; being African American, Asian, or non-Causcasian; and previous exposure to certain [[Infection|infections]]. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
The underlying cause of this autoimmune disease is not clear. Clinical data | The underlying cause of this autoimmune disease is not clear. Clinical data suggests that the onset of [[systemic lupus erythematosus]] is associated with the following factors: | ||
* Female: [[SLE]] affects women nine times more than men<ref name="urlNIH Fact Sheets - Lupus">{{cite web |url=https://report.nih.gov/NIHfactsheets/ViewFactSheet.aspx?csid=47 |title=NIH Fact Sheets - Lupus |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid168962822">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grimaldi CM |title=Sex and systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of the sex hormones estrogen and prolactin on the regulation of autoreactive B cells |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=456–61 |year=2006 |pmid=16896282 |doi=10.1097/01.bor.0000240354.37927.dd |url=}}</ref> | * Female gender: [[SLE]] affects women nine times more than men<ref name="urlNIH Fact Sheets - Lupus">{{cite web |url=https://report.nih.gov/NIHfactsheets/ViewFactSheet.aspx?csid=47 |title=NIH Fact Sheets - Lupus |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid168962822">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grimaldi CM |title=Sex and systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of the sex hormones estrogen and prolactin on the regulation of autoreactive B cells |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=456–61 |year=2006 |pmid=16896282 |doi=10.1097/01.bor.0000240354.37927.dd |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Age: Occurs more commonly in people younger than 50 | * Age: Occurs more commonly in people younger than 50 | ||
* Race: African Americans, Asians, and non- | * Race: African Americans, Asians, and other non-Causcasians are affected more often than people of other races<ref name="pmid7575721">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCarty DJ, Manzi S, Medsger TA, Ramsey-Goldman R, LaPorte RE, Kwoh CK |title=Incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus. Race and gender differences |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=1260–70 |year=1995 |pmid=7575721 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Drugs: The following drugs | * Drugs: The following drugs carry the greatest risk of developing [[drug-induced lupus erythematosus]] | ||
** [[Chlorpromazine]] | ** [[Chlorpromazine]] | ||
** [[Hydralazine]] | ** [[Hydralazine]] | ||
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* Infections can stimulate some antigen specific cells and lead to SLE disease: | * Infections can stimulate some antigen specific cells and lead to SLE disease: | ||
** [[Epstein Barr virus|Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)]] | ** [[Epstein Barr virus|Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)]] may induce anti-DNA antibodies or even lupus-like symptoms. It is associated with higher risk of SLE and also triggering the active course of disease in children<ref name="pmid23342374">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lossius A, Johansen JN, Torkildsen Ø, Vartdal F, Holmøy T |title=Epstein-Barr virus in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis—association and causation |journal=Viruses |volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=3701–30 |year=2012 |pmid=23342374 |pmc=3528287 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
** [[Trypanosomiasis]] or [[mycobacterial]] infections may have the same effect as [[EBV]] | ** [[Trypanosomiasis]] or [[mycobacterial]] infections may have the same effect as [[EBV]] | ||
* [[Ultraviolet]] (UV) light | * [[Ultraviolet]] (UV) light | ||
* [[Cigarette smoking]]<ref name="pmid11708417">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghaussy NO, Sibbitt WL, Qualls CR |title=Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=2449–53 |year=2001 |pmid=11708417 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | * [[Cigarette smoking]]<ref name="pmid11708417">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghaussy NO, Sibbitt WL, Qualls CR |title=Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=2449–53 |year=2001 |pmid=11708417 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Crystalline silica exposure in work environment (e.g. cleaning powders, soil, pottery materials, cement etc.)<ref name="pmid12124868">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parks CG, Cooper GS, Nylander-French LA, Sanderson WT, Dement JM, Cohen PL, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS, Hoppin JA, Savitz DA |title=Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based, case-control study in the southeastern United States |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=46 |issue=7 |pages=1840–50 |year=2002 |pmid=12124868 |doi=10.1002/art.10368 |url=}}</ref> | * Crystalline silica exposure in work environment (e.g. cleaning powders, soil, pottery materials, cement, etc.)<ref name="pmid12124868">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parks CG, Cooper GS, Nylander-French LA, Sanderson WT, Dement JM, Cohen PL, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS, Hoppin JA, Savitz DA |title=Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based, case-control study in the southeastern United States |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=46 |issue=7 |pages=1840–50 |year=2002 |pmid=12124868 |doi=10.1002/art.10368 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* [[Drug allergy]]<ref name="pmid12464374">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cooper GS, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS |title=Risk factors for development of systemic lupus erythematosus: allergies, infections, and family history |journal=J Clin Epidemiol |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=982–9 |year=2002 |pmid=12464374 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | * [[Drug allergy]]<ref name="pmid12464374">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cooper GS, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS |title=Risk factors for development of systemic lupus erythematosus: allergies, infections, and family history |journal=J Clin Epidemiol |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=982–9 |year=2002 |pmid=12464374 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Caring for a pet (especially a dog) | * Caring for a pet (especially a dog) | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
The most potent risk factor in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus is gender; females are more likely to develop SLE.[1] Other risk factors include HLA genetic mutations; being African American, Asian, or non-Causcasian; and previous exposure to certain infections.
Risk Factors
The underlying cause of this autoimmune disease is not clear. Clinical data suggests that the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with the following factors:
- Female gender: SLE affects women nine times more than men[2][3]
- Age: Occurs more commonly in people younger than 50
- Race: African Americans, Asians, and other non-Causcasians are affected more often than people of other races[4]
- Drugs: The following drugs carry the greatest risk of developing drug-induced lupus erythematosus
- Familial history of:
- Infections can stimulate some antigen specific cells and lead to SLE disease:
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may induce anti-DNA antibodies or even lupus-like symptoms. It is associated with higher risk of SLE and also triggering the active course of disease in children[5]
- Trypanosomiasis or mycobacterial infections may have the same effect as EBV
- Ultraviolet (UV) light
- Cigarette smoking[6]
- Crystalline silica exposure in work environment (e.g. cleaning powders, soil, pottery materials, cement, etc.)[7]
- Drug allergy[8]
- Caring for a pet (especially a dog)
References
- ↑ Grimaldi CM (2006). "Sex and systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of the sex hormones estrogen and prolactin on the regulation of autoreactive B cells". Curr Opin Rheumatol. 18 (5): 456–61. doi:10.1097/01.bor.0000240354.37927.dd. PMID 16896282.
- ↑ "NIH Fact Sheets - Lupus".
- ↑ Grimaldi CM (2006). "Sex and systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of the sex hormones estrogen and prolactin on the regulation of autoreactive B cells". Curr Opin Rheumatol. 18 (5): 456–61. doi:10.1097/01.bor.0000240354.37927.dd. PMID 16896282.
- ↑ McCarty DJ, Manzi S, Medsger TA, Ramsey-Goldman R, LaPorte RE, Kwoh CK (1995). "Incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus. Race and gender differences". Arthritis Rheum. 38 (9): 1260–70. PMID 7575721.
- ↑ Lossius A, Johansen JN, Torkildsen Ø, Vartdal F, Holmøy T (2012). "Epstein-Barr virus in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis—association and causation". Viruses. 4 (12): 3701–30. PMC 3528287. PMID 23342374.
- ↑ Ghaussy NO, Sibbitt WL, Qualls CR (2001). "Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study". J. Rheumatol. 28 (11): 2449–53. PMID 11708417.
- ↑ Parks CG, Cooper GS, Nylander-French LA, Sanderson WT, Dement JM, Cohen PL, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS, Hoppin JA, Savitz DA (2002). "Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based, case-control study in the southeastern United States". Arthritis Rheum. 46 (7): 1840–50. doi:10.1002/art.10368. PMID 12124868.
- ↑ Cooper GS, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS (2002). "Risk factors for development of systemic lupus erythematosus: allergies, infections, and family history". J Clin Epidemiol. 55 (10): 982–9. PMID 12464374.