Systemic lupus erythematosus diagnostic criteria

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]

Diagnostic criteria

SLICC criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus

1. Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1982; 25:1271.
2. Hochberg MC. Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (letter). Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40:1725.
3. Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcón GS, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64:2677.

	Criterion	Definition
Clinical criteria	Acute cutaneous lupus	Lupus malar rash (do not count if malar discoid) Bullous lupus Toxic epidermal necrolysis variant of SLE Maculopapular lupus rash Photosensitive lupus rash (in the absence of dermatomyositis); OR subacute cutaneous lupus (nonindurated psoriaform and/or annular polycyclic lesions that resolve without scarring, although occasionally with postinflammatory dyspigmentation or telangiectasias)
	Chronic cutaneous lupus	Classic discoid rash Localized (above the neck) Generalized (above and below the neck) Hypertrophic (verrucous) lupus Lupus panniculitis (profundus) Mucosal lupus Lupus erythematosus tumidus Chilblains lupus OR Discoid lupus/lichen planus overlap
	Nonscarring alopecia	Diffuse thinning or hair fragility with visible broken hairs (in the absence of other causes, such as alopecia areata, drugs, iron deficiency, and androgenic alopecia)
	Oral or nasal ulcers	Palate, buccal, tongue, or nasal ulcers (in the absence of other causes, such as vasculitis, Behçet's disease, infection [herpesvirus], inflammatory bowel disease, reactive arthritis, and acidic foods)
	Joint disease	Synovitis involving two or more joints, characterized by swelling or effusion OR Tenderness in two or more joints and at least 30 minutes of morning stiffness
	Serositis	Typical pleurisy for more than one day, pleural effusions, or pleural rub, OR Typical pericardial pain (pain with recumbency improved by sitting forward) for more than one day, pericardial effusion, pericardial rub, or pericarditis by electrocardiography in the absence of other causes, such as infection, uremia, and Dressler's syndrome
	Renal	Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (or 24-hour urine protein) representing 500 mg protein/24 hours, OR Red blood cell casts
	Neurologic	Seizures Psychosis Mononeuritis multiplex (in the absence of other known causes, such as primary vasculitis) Myelitis Peripheral or cranial neuropathy (in the absence of other known causes, such as primary vasculitis, infection, and diabetes mellitus) OR  Acute confusional state (in the absence of other causes, including toxic/metabolic, uremia, drugs)
Hematologic criteria	Hemolytic anemia
	Leukopenia or lymphopenia	Leukopenia (<4000/mm3 at least once) (in the absence of other known causes, such as Felty's syndrome, drugs, and portal hypertension), OR Lymphopenia (<1000/mm3 at least once) (in the absence of other known causes, such as glucocorticoids, drugs, and infection)
	Thrombocytopenia	Thrombocytopenia (<100,000/mm3) at least once in the absence of other known causes, such as drugs, portal hypertension, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
	ANA	ANA level above laboratory reference range
	Anti-dsDNA	Anti-dsDNA antibody level above laboratory reference range (or >twofold the reference range if tested by ELISA)
	Anit-SM	Presence of antibody to Sm nuclear antigen
Immunologic criteria	Antiphospholipid	Antiphospholipid antibody positivity as determined by any of the following: Positive test result for lupus anticoagulant; false-positive test result for rapid plasma reagin; medium- or high-titer anticardiolipin antibody level (IgA, IgG, or IgM); or positive test result for anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I (IgA, IgG, or IgM)
	Low complement	Low C3; low C4; OR low CH50
	Direct Coombs' test	Direct Coombs' test in the absence of hemolytic anemia