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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Treatment of | Treatment of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) depends on the [[etiology]]. For immediate improvement, all patients with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) require strict restriction of their daily [[water]] intake and correction of [[serum]] [[sodium]] levels. The [[serum]] [[sodium]] can be corrected depending on the initial [[sodium]] levels of the patient. Mild cases can be managed easily with exclusive [[fluid]] restriction. Moderate cases of SIADH are treated with [[loop diuretics]] and [[normal saline]]; whereas, 3% [[hypertonic]] [[Saline (medicine)|saline]] may be used in severe cases. In emergency settings, [[Arginine vasopressin receptor 2|vasopressin-2 receptor]] [[antagonists]] ([[conivaptan]] or [[tolvaptan]]) are used. The definitive treatment of SIADH involves treatment of the underlying condition. [[Urea]], [[demeclocycline]], and [[lithium]] are also used in the treatment of SIADH. | ||
==Medical | ==Medical Therapy== | ||
The mainstay of | The mainstay of [[therapy]] for SIADH include:<ref name="SpasovskiVanholder2014">{{cite journal|last1=Spasovski|first1=G.|last2=Vanholder|first2=R.|last3=Allolio|first3=B.|last4=Annane|first4=D.|last5=Ball|first5=S.|last6=Bichet|first6=D.|last7=Decaux|first7=G.|last8=Fenske|first8=W.|last9=Hoorn|first9=E.|last10=Ichai|first10=C.|last11=Joannidis|first11=M.|last12=Soupart|first12=A.|last13=Zietse|first13=R.|last14=Haller|first14=M.|last15=van der Veer|first15=S.|last16=Van Biesen|first16=W.|last17=Nagler|first17=E.|title=Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia|journal=European Journal of Endocrinology|volume=170|issue=3|year=2014|pages=G1–G47|issn=0804-4643|doi=10.1530/EJE-13-1020}}</ref><ref name="pmid4192979">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schaer J |title=BC-105--a new serotonin antagonist in the treatment of migraine |journal=Headache |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=67–73 |year=1970 |pmid=4192979 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19005303">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schrier RW, Bansal S |title=Diagnosis and management of hyponatremia in acute illness |journal=Curr Opin Crit Care |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=627–34 |year=2008 |pmid=19005303 |pmc=2716705 |doi=10.1097/MCC.0b013e32830e45e3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid173218">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cherrill DA, Stote RM, Birge JR, Singer I |title=Demeclocycline treatment in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=654–6 |year=1975 |pmid=173218 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4368644">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dousa TP, Wilson DM |title=Effects of demethylchlortetracycline on cellular action of antidiuretic hormone in vitro |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=279–84 |year=1974 |pmid=4368644 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlwww.esicm-old.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.esicm-old.org/upload/54db6ac4b7978-clinical-practice-guideline-on-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-hyponatraemia.pdf |title=www.esicm-old.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
'''Mild''' | '''1. Mild hyponatremia''' | ||
*[[Fluid]] restriction | 1.1. '''Adults''' | ||
* [[Fluid]] restriction | |||
'' | ''Note: Fluid intake should be less than the volume of 24-hour urine output and insensible losses.'' | ||
'''2. Moderate hyponatremia''' | |||
''' | 2.1. '''Adults''' | ||
* | * Preferred regimen (1) Increase solute intake with 0.25–0.50 g/kg per day of urea | ||
* Alternate regimen (1): Oral salt tablets | |||
''' | * Alternate regimen (2): [[Furosemide]] 20 mg PO q12h | ||
''Note (1): Do not give [[demeclocycline]], [[lithium]], or [[vasopressin]] receptor antagonists. '' | |||
''Note (2): Fluid intake should be less than the 24 hour urine output and insensible losses combined'' | |||
'''3. Severe hyponatremia''' | |||
''' | 3.1. '''Adults''' | ||
* Preferred regimen (1): | |||
** 3% [[hypertonic]] saline (if [[sodium]] level falls below 125 mEq/l) | |||
** 100 ml of 3% saline IV infusion (raises [[sodium]] by 1.5 mEq/l in men and 2 mEq/l in women) | |||
** Goal of rate of increase is an elevation in serum [[sodium]] of 4-6 mEq/day in the first 2-4 hours to maximum 8 mEq/day. | |||
''Note (1): Do not give [[demeclocycline]], [[lithium]], or [[vasopressin]] receptor antagonists. '' | |||
''Note (2): Fluid intake should be less than the 24 hour urine output and insensible losses combined'' | |||
'''4. Emergency setting''' | |||
* | 4.1. '''Adults''' | ||
*Preferred regimen (1): [[Conivaptan]] 20 mg loading dose followed by continuous infusion of 40 mg daily for four days | |||
*Preferred regimen (2): [[Tolvaptan]] should not be used longer than 30 days in patients with [[liver]] disease | |||
'''5. Miscellaneous''' | |||
5.1. '''Adults''' | |||
*Preferred regimen (1): [[Demeclocycline]] 300-600 mg PO q12h | |||
**A [[tetracycline]] derivative which induces [[drug-induced]] [[diabetes insipidus]] by acting on the [[collecting tubule]] cell to diminish its responsiveness to [[ADH]]. | |||
**The role is limited in emergency care due to the slow onset of action. | |||
* | |||
*[[ | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | *Preferred regimen (2): [[Urea]] 15-30 g PO daily | ||
**It increases [[Urinary system|urinary]] [[solute]] excretion and enhances [[water]] [[excretion]]. | |||
* | === Special considerations === | ||
*[[Hyponatremia]] is the most common [[electrolyte]] abnormality in SIADH. So, the rate at which [[sodium]] is corrected is very important in [[clinical]] settings. It depends on the degree of [[hyponatremia]], duration (acute or chronic), and symptomatology. | |||
* | *It raises serum sodium by 0.5-1 mEq/hr, and not more than 10-12 mEq in the first 24 hours, to avoid complications like [[osmotic demyelination syndrome]]. | ||
=== Treatment of rapid correction of hyponatremia === | |||
*Prompt intervention for re-lowering the [[serum]] [[sodium]] concentration if it increases >10 mmol/l during the first 24 h or >8 mmol/l in any 24 h thereafter. | |||
*Discontinue the ongoing active treatment. | |||
*Consult an expert to discuss if it is appropriate to start an infusion of 10 ml/kg body weight of [[electrolyte]]-free water (e.g. [[glucose]] solutions) over 1 h under strict monitoring of [[urine output]] and fluid balance. | |||
*Consult an expert to discuss if it is appropriate to add intravenous [[desmopressin]] 2 μg, ever 8 hours. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
[[Category:Medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Endocrinology]] | |||
[[Category:Nephrology]] | |||
[[Category:Neurology]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
Latest revision as of 00:22, 30 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Treatment of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) depends on the etiology. For immediate improvement, all patients with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) require strict restriction of their daily water intake and correction of serum sodium levels. The serum sodium can be corrected depending on the initial sodium levels of the patient. Mild cases can be managed easily with exclusive fluid restriction. Moderate cases of SIADH are treated with loop diuretics and normal saline; whereas, 3% hypertonic saline may be used in severe cases. In emergency settings, vasopressin-2 receptor antagonists (conivaptan or tolvaptan) are used. The definitive treatment of SIADH involves treatment of the underlying condition. Urea, demeclocycline, and lithium are also used in the treatment of SIADH.
Medical Therapy
The mainstay of therapy for SIADH include:[1][2][3][4][5][6]
1. Mild hyponatremia
1.1. Adults
- Fluid restriction
Note: Fluid intake should be less than the volume of 24-hour urine output and insensible losses.
2. Moderate hyponatremia
2.1. Adults
- Preferred regimen (1) Increase solute intake with 0.25–0.50 g/kg per day of urea
- Alternate regimen (1): Oral salt tablets
- Alternate regimen (2): Furosemide 20 mg PO q12h
Note (1): Do not give demeclocycline, lithium, or vasopressin receptor antagonists. Note (2): Fluid intake should be less than the 24 hour urine output and insensible losses combined
3. Severe hyponatremia
3.1. Adults
- Preferred regimen (1):
- 3% hypertonic saline (if sodium level falls below 125 mEq/l)
- 100 ml of 3% saline IV infusion (raises sodium by 1.5 mEq/l in men and 2 mEq/l in women)
- Goal of rate of increase is an elevation in serum sodium of 4-6 mEq/day in the first 2-4 hours to maximum 8 mEq/day.
Note (1): Do not give demeclocycline, lithium, or vasopressin receptor antagonists. Note (2): Fluid intake should be less than the 24 hour urine output and insensible losses combined
4. Emergency setting
4.1. Adults
- Preferred regimen (1): Conivaptan 20 mg loading dose followed by continuous infusion of 40 mg daily for four days
- Preferred regimen (2): Tolvaptan should not be used longer than 30 days in patients with liver disease
5. Miscellaneous
5.1. Adults
- Preferred regimen (1): Demeclocycline 300-600 mg PO q12h
- A tetracycline derivative which induces drug-induced diabetes insipidus by acting on the collecting tubule cell to diminish its responsiveness to ADH.
- The role is limited in emergency care due to the slow onset of action.
- Preferred regimen (2): Urea 15-30 g PO daily
Special considerations
- Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality in SIADH. So, the rate at which sodium is corrected is very important in clinical settings. It depends on the degree of hyponatremia, duration (acute or chronic), and symptomatology.
- It raises serum sodium by 0.5-1 mEq/hr, and not more than 10-12 mEq in the first 24 hours, to avoid complications like osmotic demyelination syndrome.
Treatment of rapid correction of hyponatremia
- Prompt intervention for re-lowering the serum sodium concentration if it increases >10 mmol/l during the first 24 h or >8 mmol/l in any 24 h thereafter.
- Discontinue the ongoing active treatment.
- Consult an expert to discuss if it is appropriate to start an infusion of 10 ml/kg body weight of electrolyte-free water (e.g. glucose solutions) over 1 h under strict monitoring of urine output and fluid balance.
- Consult an expert to discuss if it is appropriate to add intravenous desmopressin 2 μg, ever 8 hours.
References
- ↑ Spasovski, G.; Vanholder, R.; Allolio, B.; Annane, D.; Ball, S.; Bichet, D.; Decaux, G.; Fenske, W.; Hoorn, E.; Ichai, C.; Joannidis, M.; Soupart, A.; Zietse, R.; Haller, M.; van der Veer, S.; Van Biesen, W.; Nagler, E. (2014). "Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia". European Journal of Endocrinology. 170 (3): G1–G47. doi:10.1530/EJE-13-1020. ISSN 0804-4643.
- ↑ Schaer J (1970). "BC-105--a new serotonin antagonist in the treatment of migraine". Headache. 10 (2): 67–73. PMID 4192979.
- ↑ Schrier RW, Bansal S (2008). "Diagnosis and management of hyponatremia in acute illness". Curr Opin Crit Care. 14 (6): 627–34. doi:10.1097/MCC.0b013e32830e45e3. PMC 2716705. PMID 19005303.
- ↑ Cherrill DA, Stote RM, Birge JR, Singer I (1975). "Demeclocycline treatment in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion". Ann. Intern. Med. 83 (5): 654–6. PMID 173218.
- ↑ Dousa TP, Wilson DM (1974). "Effects of demethylchlortetracycline on cellular action of antidiuretic hormone in vitro". Kidney Int. 5 (4): 279–84. PMID 4368644.
- ↑ "www.esicm-old.org" (PDF).