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Latest revision as of 19:51, 19 July 2023

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Zand, M.D.[2] Edzel Lorraine Co, DMD, MD [3]

Overview

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) may be caused by underlying cardiac abnormality including coronary artery abnormality , hypertrophy of myocardium, myocardial disease, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, abnormality in conducting system and electrical instability. The type of cardiac disease that is associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD) depends on the age of the individual ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4] ^[5] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8].

Causes

Cardiac causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) depend on the age of the individual ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4] ^[5] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8].
In young people, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, primary electric diseases and coronary abnormalities predominate ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4] ^[5] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8].
In people who are on their fourth decade of life, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) greatly predominates ^[9] ^[10].
In elderly, structural diseases predominate ^[2].

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Winkel BG, Holst AG, Theilade J, Kristensen IB, Thomsen JL, Ottesen GL; et al. (2011). "Nationwide study of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1-35 years". Eur Heart J. 32 (8): 983–90. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq428. PMID 21131293.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Behr ER, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL; et al. (2014). "Burden of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1 to 49 years: nationwide study in Denmark". Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 7 (2): 205–11. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001421. PMID 24604905.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Bagnall RD, Weintraub RG, Ingles J, Duflou J, Yeates L, Lam L; et al. (2016). "A Prospective Study of Sudden Cardiac Death among Children and Young Adults". N Engl J Med. 374 (25): 2441–52. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1510687. PMID 27332903.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Wisten A, Forsberg H, Krantz P, Messner T (2002). "Sudden cardiac death in 15-35-year olds in Sweden during 1992-99". J Intern Med. 252 (6): 529–36. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.01038.x. PMID 12472914.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Chugh SS, Jui J, Gunson K, Stecker EC, John BT, Thompson B; et al. (2004). "Current burden of sudden cardiac death: multiple source surveillance versus retrospective death certificate-based review in a large U.S. community". J Am Coll Cardiol. 44 (6): 1268–75. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.029. PMID 15364331.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Winkel BG, Risgaard B, Sadjadieh G, Bundgaard H, Haunsø S, Tfelt-Hansen J (2014). "Sudden cardiac death in children (1-18 years): symptoms and causes of death in a nationwide setting". Eur Heart J. 35 (13): 868–75. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht509. PMID 24344190.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Byrne R, Constant O, Smyth Y, Callagy G, Nash P, Daly K; et al. (2008). "Multiple source surveillance incidence and aetiology of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death in a rural population in the West of Ireland". Eur Heart J. 29 (11): 1418–23. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn155. PMID 18424446.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Eckart RE, Shry EA, Burke AP, McNear JA, Appel DA, Castillo-Rojas LM; et al. (2011). "Sudden death in young adults: an autopsy-based series of a population undergoing active surveillance". J Am Coll Cardiol. 58 (12): 1254–61. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.049. PMID 21903060.
↑ Waldmann V, Karam N, Bougouin W, Sharifzadehgan A, Dumas F, Narayanan K; et al. (2019). "Burden of Coronary Artery Disease as a Cause of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the Young". J Am Coll Cardiol. 73 (16): 2118–2120. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.064. PMID 31023437.
↑ Waldmann V, Karam N, Rischard J, Bougouin W, Sharifzadehgan A, Dumas F; et al. (2020). "Low rates of immediate coronary angiography among young adults resuscitated from sudden cardiac arrest". Resuscitation. 147: 34–42. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.12.005. PMID 31857140.

[pmid21131293-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Winkel BG, Holst AG, Theilade J, Kristensen IB, Thomsen JL, Ottesen GL; et al. (2011). "Nationwide study of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1-35 years". Eur Heart J. 32 (8): 983–90. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq428. PMID 21131293.

[pmid24604905-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Behr ER, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL; et al. (2014). "Burden of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1 to 49 years: nationwide study in Denmark". Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 7 (2): 205–11. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001421. PMID 24604905.

[pmid27332903-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Bagnall RD, Weintraub RG, Ingles J, Duflou J, Yeates L, Lam L; et al. (2016). "A Prospective Study of Sudden Cardiac Death among Children and Young Adults". N Engl J Med. 374 (25): 2441–52. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1510687. PMID 27332903.

[pmid12472914-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Wisten A, Forsberg H, Krantz P, Messner T (2002). "Sudden cardiac death in 15-35-year olds in Sweden during 1992-99". J Intern Med. 252 (6): 529–36. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.01038.x. PMID 12472914.

[pmid15364331-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Chugh SS, Jui J, Gunson K, Stecker EC, John BT, Thompson B; et al. (2004). "Current burden of sudden cardiac death: multiple source surveillance versus retrospective death certificate-based review in a large U.S. community". J Am Coll Cardiol. 44 (6): 1268–75. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.029. PMID 15364331.

[pmid24344190-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Winkel BG, Risgaard B, Sadjadieh G, Bundgaard H, Haunsø S, Tfelt-Hansen J (2014). "Sudden cardiac death in children (1-18 years): symptoms and causes of death in a nationwide setting". Eur Heart J. 35 (13): 868–75. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht509. PMID 24344190.

[pmid18424446-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Byrne R, Constant O, Smyth Y, Callagy G, Nash P, Daly K; et al. (2008). "Multiple source surveillance incidence and aetiology of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death in a rural population in the West of Ireland". Eur Heart J. 29 (11): 1418–23. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn155. PMID 18424446.

[pmid21903060-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Eckart RE, Shry EA, Burke AP, McNear JA, Appel DA, Castillo-Rojas LM; et al. (2011). "Sudden death in young adults: an autopsy-based series of a population undergoing active surveillance". J Am Coll Cardiol. 58 (12): 1254–61. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.049. PMID 21903060.

[pmid31023437-9] Waldmann V, Karam N, Bougouin W, Sharifzadehgan A, Dumas F, Narayanan K; et al. (2019). "Burden of Coronary Artery Disease as a Cause of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the Young". J Am Coll Cardiol. 73 (16): 2118–2120. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.064. PMID 31023437.

[pmid31857140-10] Waldmann V, Karam N, Rischard J, Bougouin W, Sharifzadehgan A, Dumas F; et al. (2020). "Low rates of immediate coronary angiography among young adults resuscitated from sudden cardiac arrest". Resuscitation. 147: 34–42. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.12.005. PMID 31857140.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Sudden cardiac death}}
-{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}}
+{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{EdzelCo}}
 ==Overview==
-[[Cardiac arrest]] is synonymous with [[Clinical death]]. All disease processes leading to [[death]] have a period of (potentially) reversible [[cardiac arrest]]. The causes of [[arrest]] are, therefore, numerous. However, many of these conditions, rather than causing an [[arrest]] themselves, promote one of the reversible causes, which then triggers the arrest (e.g. [[Choking]] leads to [[Hypoxia]] which in turn leads to an arrest). In some cases, the underlying mechanism cannot be overcome, leading to an unsuccessful [[resuscitation]].
+[[Sudden cardiac arrest]] ([[SCA]])  may be caused by underlying [[cardiac]] abnormality including [[coronary artery]] abnormality , [[hypertrophy]] of [[myocardium]], [[myocardial disease]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[congenital heart disease]], abnormality in [[conducting system]] and electrical instability. The type of [[cardiac disease]] that is associated with [[sudden cardiac death]] ([[SCD]]) depends on the [[age]] of the individual <ref name="pmid21131293">{{cite journal| author=Winkel BG, Holst AG, Theilade J, Kristensen IB, Thomsen JL, Ottesen GL | display-authors=etal| title=Nationwide study of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1-35 years. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2011 | volume= 32 | issue= 8 | pages= 983-90 | pmid=21131293 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq428 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21131293  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid24604905">{{cite journal| author=Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Behr ER, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL | display-authors=etal| title=Burden of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1 to 49 years: nationwide study in Denmark. | journal=Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 205-11 | pmid=24604905 | doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001421 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24604905  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid27332903">{{cite journal| author=Bagnall RD, Weintraub RG, Ingles J, Duflou J, Yeates L, Lam L | display-authors=etal| title=A Prospective Study of Sudden Cardiac Death among Children and Young Adults. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2016 | volume= 374 | issue= 25 | pages= 2441-52 | pmid=27332903 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1510687 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27332903  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12472914">{{cite journal| author=Wisten A, Forsberg H, Krantz P, Messner T| title=Sudden cardiac death in 15-35-year olds in Sweden during 1992-99. | journal=J Intern Med | year= 2002 | volume= 252 | issue= 6 | pages= 529-36 | pmid=12472914 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.01038.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12472914  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15364331">{{cite journal| author=Chugh SS, Jui J, Gunson K, Stecker EC, John BT, Thompson B | display-authors=etal| title=Current burden of sudden cardiac death: multiple source surveillance versus retrospective death certificate-based review in a large U.S. community. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2004 | volume= 44 | issue= 6 | pages= 1268-75 | pmid=15364331 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15364331  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid24344190">{{cite journal| author=Winkel BG, Risgaard B, Sadjadieh G, Bundgaard H, Haunsø S, Tfelt-Hansen J| title=Sudden cardiac death in children (1-18 years): symptoms and causes of death in a nationwide setting. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2014 | volume= 35 | issue= 13 | pages= 868-75 | pmid=24344190 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/eht509 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24344190  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid18424446">{{cite journal| author=Byrne R, Constant O, Smyth Y, Callagy G, Nash P, Daly K | display-authors=etal| title=Multiple source surveillance incidence and aetiology of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death in a rural population in the West of Ireland. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2008 | volume= 29 | issue= 11 | pages= 1418-23 | pmid=18424446 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn155 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18424446  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid21903060">{{cite journal| author=Eckart RE, Shry EA, Burke AP, McNear JA, Appel DA, Castillo-Rojas LM | display-authors=etal| title=Sudden death in young adults: an autopsy-based series of a population undergoing active surveillance. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 58 | issue= 12 | pages= 1254-61 | pmid=21903060 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.049 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21903060  }} </ref>.
-Among adults, [[ischemic heart disease]] is the predominant cause of [[arrest]]. At [[autopsy]] 30% of victims show signs of recent [[myocardial infarction]]. Other [[cardiac]] conditions potentially leading to arrest include [[structural abnormalities]], [[arrhythmias]], and [[cardiomyopathies]]. Non-cardiac causes include [[infections]], [[overdoses]], [[trauma]] and [[cancer]], in addition to many others.
 ==Causes==
-[[Sudden cardiac arrest]]  may be caused by :
+*[[Cardiac]] causes of [[sudden cardiac death]] ([[SCD]]) depend on the [[age]] of the individual <ref name="pmid21131293">{{cite journal| author=Winkel BG, Holst AG, Theilade J, Kristensen IB, Thomsen JL, Ottesen GL | display-authors=etal| title=Nationwide study of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1-35 years. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2011 | volume= 32 | issue= 8 | pages= 983-90 | pmid=21131293 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq428 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21131293  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid24604905">{{cite journal| author=Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Behr ER, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL | display-authors=etal| title=Burden of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1 to 49 years: nationwide study in Denmark. | journal=Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 205-11 | pmid=24604905 | doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001421 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24604905  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid27332903">{{cite journal| author=Bagnall RD, Weintraub RG, Ingles J, Duflou J, Yeates L, Lam L | display-authors=etal| title=A Prospective Study of Sudden Cardiac Death among Children and Young Adults. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2016 | volume= 374 | issue= 25 | pages= 2441-52 | pmid=27332903 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1510687 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27332903  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12472914">{{cite journal| author=Wisten A, Forsberg H, Krantz P, Messner T| title=Sudden cardiac death in 15-35-year olds in Sweden during 1992-99. | journal=J Intern Med | year= 2002 | volume= 252 | issue= 6 | pages= 529-36 | pmid=12472914 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.01038.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12472914  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15364331">{{cite journal| author=Chugh SS, Jui J, Gunson K, Stecker EC, John BT, Thompson B | display-authors=etal| title=Current burden of sudden cardiac death: multiple source surveillance versus retrospective death certificate-based review in a large U.S. community. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2004 | volume= 44 | issue= 6 | pages= 1268-75 | pmid=15364331 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15364331  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid24344190">{{cite journal| author=Winkel BG, Risgaard B, Sadjadieh G, Bundgaard H, Haunsø S, Tfelt-Hansen J| title=Sudden cardiac death in children (1-18 years): symptoms and causes of death in a nationwide setting. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2014 | volume= 35 | issue= 13 | pages= 868-75 | pmid=24344190 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/eht509 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24344190  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid18424446">{{cite journal| author=Byrne R, Constant O, Smyth Y, Callagy G, Nash P, Daly K | display-authors=etal| title=Multiple source surveillance incidence and aetiology of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death in a rural population in the West of Ireland. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2008 | volume= 29 | issue= 11 | pages= 1418-23 | pmid=18424446 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn155 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18424446  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid21903060">{{cite journal| author=Eckart RE, Shry EA, Burke AP, McNear JA, Appel DA, Castillo-Rojas LM | display-authors=etal| title=Sudden death in young adults: an autopsy-based series of a population undergoing active surveillance. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 58 | issue= 12 | pages= 1254-61 | pmid=21903060 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.049 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21903060  }} </ref>.
-*[[Coronary artery abnormality]] such as  [[coronary atherosclerosis]], [[acute MI]], coronary artery embolism, [[coronary arteritis]]<ref name="MehtaCurwin1997">{{cite journal|last1=Mehta|first1=Davendra|last2=Curwin|first2=Jay|last3=Gomes|first3=J. Anthony|last4=Fuster|first4=Valentin|title=Sudden Death in Coronary Artery Disease|journal=Circulation|volume=96|issue=9|year=1997|pages=3215–3223|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.96.9.3215}}</ref><ref name="pmid11320390">{{cite journal |author=Eisenberg MS, Mengert TJ |title=Cardiac resuscitation |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=344 |issue=17 |pages=1304–13 |year=2001 |month=April |pmid=11320390 |doi= |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=11320390&promo=ONFLNS19}}</ref>
+* In young people, [[cardiomyopathy]], [[myocarditis]], [[primary electric diseases]] and [[coronary abnormalities]] predominate <ref name="pmid21131293">{{cite journal| author=Winkel BG, Holst AG, Theilade J, Kristensen IB, Thomsen JL, Ottesen GL | display-authors=etal| title=Nationwide study of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1-35 years. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2011 | volume= 32 | issue= 8 | pages= 983-90 | pmid=21131293 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq428 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21131293  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid24604905">{{cite journal| author=Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Behr ER, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL | display-authors=etal| title=Burden of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1 to 49 years: nationwide study in Denmark. | journal=Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 205-11 | pmid=24604905 | doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001421 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24604905  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid27332903">{{cite journal| author=Bagnall RD, Weintraub RG, Ingles J, Duflou J, Yeates L, Lam L | display-authors=etal| title=A Prospective Study of Sudden Cardiac Death among Children and Young Adults. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2016 | volume= 374 | issue= 25 | pages= 2441-52 | pmid=27332903 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1510687 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27332903  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12472914">{{cite journal| author=Wisten A, Forsberg H, Krantz P, Messner T| title=Sudden cardiac death in 15-35-year olds in Sweden during 1992-99. | journal=J Intern Med | year= 2002 | volume= 252 | issue= 6 | pages= 529-36 | pmid=12472914 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.01038.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12472914  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15364331">{{cite journal| author=Chugh SS, Jui J, Gunson K, Stecker EC, John BT, Thompson B | display-authors=etal| title=Current burden of sudden cardiac death: multiple source surveillance versus retrospective death certificate-based review in a large U.S. community. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2004 | volume= 44 | issue= 6 | pages= 1268-75 | pmid=15364331 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15364331  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid24344190">{{cite journal| author=Winkel BG, Risgaard B, Sadjadieh G, Bundgaard H, Haunsø S, Tfelt-Hansen J| title=Sudden cardiac death in children (1-18 years): symptoms and causes of death in a nationwide setting. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2014 | volume= 35 | issue= 13 | pages= 868-75 | pmid=24344190 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/eht509 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24344190  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid18424446">{{cite journal| author=Byrne R, Constant O, Smyth Y, Callagy G, Nash P, Daly K | display-authors=etal| title=Multiple source surveillance incidence and aetiology of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death in a rural population in the West of Ireland. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2008 | volume= 29 | issue= 11 | pages= 1418-23 | pmid=18424446 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn155 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18424446  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid21903060">{{cite journal| author=Eckart RE, Shry EA, Burke AP, McNear JA, Appel DA, Castillo-Rojas LM | display-authors=etal| title=Sudden death in young adults: an autopsy-based series of a population undergoing active surveillance. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 58 | issue= 12 | pages= 1254-61 | pmid=21903060 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.049 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21903060  }} </ref>.
+*In people who are on their fourth decade of life, [[acute coronary syndrome]] ([[ACS]]) greatly predominates <ref name="pmid31023437">{{cite journal| author=Waldmann V, Karam N, Bougouin W, Sharifzadehgan A, Dumas F, Narayanan K | display-authors=etal| title=Burden of Coronary Artery Disease as a Cause of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the Young. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2019 | volume= 73 | issue= 16 | pages= 2118-2120 | pmid=31023437 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.064 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31023437  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid31857140">{{cite journal| author=Waldmann V, Karam N, Rischard J, Bougouin W, Sharifzadehgan A, Dumas F | display-authors=etal| title=Low rates of immediate coronary angiography among young adults resuscitated from sudden cardiac arrest. | journal=Resuscitation | year= 2020 | volume= 147 | issue=  | pages= 34-42 | pmid=31857140 | doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.12.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31857140  }} </ref>.
-*[[Hypertrophy]] of [[myocardium]] such as [[HCM]], [[hypertensive heart disease]], primary or secondary [[pulmonary hypertension]]
+* In elderly, [[structural diseases]] predominate <ref name="pmid24604905">{{cite journal| author=Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Behr ER, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL | display-authors=etal| title=Burden of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1 to 49 years: nationwide study in Denmark. | journal=Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 205-11 | pmid=24604905 | doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001421 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24604905  }} </ref>.
-*[[Myocardial disease ]] such as [[ischemic cardiomyopathy]], non-ischemic [[cardiomyopathy]], [[myocarditis]]<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/2F20961790.2019.1595352}}</ref>
-*[[Valvular heart disease]]  such as [[aortic stenosis]],[[aortic insufficiency]], [[mitral valve prolapse]], [[endocarditis]] <ref name="BassoPerazzolo Marra2015">{{cite journal|last1=Basso|first1=Cristina|last2=Perazzolo Marra|first2=Martina|last3=Rizzo|first3=Stefania|last4=De Lazzari|first4=Manuel|last5=Giorgi|first5=Benedetta|last6=Cipriani|first6=Alberto|last7=Frigo|first7=Anna Chiara|last8=Rigato|first8=Ilaria|last9=Migliore|first9=Federico|last10=Pilichou|first10=Kalliopi|last11=Bertaglia|first11=Emanuele|last12=Cacciavillani|first12=Luisa|last13=Bauce|first13=Barbara|last14=Corrado|first14=Domenico|last15=Thiene|first15=Gaetano|last16=Iliceto|first16=Sabino|title=Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Sudden Cardiac Death|journal=Circulation|volume=132|issue=7|year=2015|pages=556–566|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016291}}</ref>
-*[[Congenital heart disease]] such as [[congenital septal defect]] with [[Eisenmenger]] physiology<ref name="YapHarris2014">{{cite journal|last1=Yap|first1=Sing-Chien|last2=Harris|first2=Louise|title=Sudden cardiac death in adults with congenital heart disease|journal=Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy|volume=7|issue=12|year=2014|pages=1605–1620|issn=1477-9072|doi=10.1586/erc.09.153}}</ref>
-*[[ Abnormality in conducting system]] such as [[Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
-*Electrical instability such as  ([[CPVT]], [[LQTS]])
-===Causes of [[Sudden Death]] Including [[Sudden Cardiac Death]] by Organ System===
-{|style="width:70%; height:100px" border="1"
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |
-[[Amyloid cardiopathy]],
-[[Congestive heart failure]],
-[[Ventricular rupture]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*''' [[Ischemic]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Hypoxia]],
-[[Coronary thrombosis]],
-[[Coronary vasospasm]],
-[[Coronary artery aneurysm]],
-[[Prinzmetal's variant angina ]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*''' Pericardial'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Cardiac tamponade]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[ Myocardial]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Asymmetric septal hypertrophy ]],
-[[ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction]],
-[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]],
-[[Giant cell myocarditis ]],
-[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]],
-Kugel-Stoloff syndrome ,
-[[Myocardial infarction]],
-[[Myocarditis]],
-[[Rupture of the papillary muscles]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*''' Endocardial/Valvular'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Mitral valve prolapse]],
-[[Valvular aortic stenosis]]/insufficiency,
-[[Mitral valve disruption]],
-[[Endocarditis]],
-[[Prosthetic valve dysfunction]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*''' Conduction/[[Arrhythmia]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy]],
-[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]],
-[[Brugada syndrome]],
-Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome,
-[[Prolonged Q-T Interval Syndrome]],
-[[Multifocal ventricular premature beats ]],
-[[Naxos disease ]],
-[[Romano-Ward syndrome ]],
-[[Sick sinus syndrome]],
-[[Short QT syndrome ]],
-Sinus node disease,
-[[Stokes-Adams Syndrome]],
-Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndrome,
-[[Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Vascular]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Acute aortic insufficiency]],
-[[Acute coronary syndrome]],
-[[Aortic dissection]],
-[[Aortic stenosis]],
-Aorto-ventricular tunnel,
-[[Arteritis]],
-[[Coronary artery disease]],
-Coronary arteries - congenital malformation ,
-[[Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''Congenital/Developmental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-Congenital aortic or pulmonary valve stenosis,
-[[Congenital septal defect]] with eisenmenger physiology,
-[[Congenital heart block ]],
-Congenital Long QT syndrome,
-[[Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy]],
-[[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]],
-[[Uhl anomaly ]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''Chemical / [[poisoning]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Snake bite]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Dermatologic]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Agalsidase beta]], [[Articaine]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[Clozapine]], [[cytomegalovirus immune globulin]], [[Drug allergy]], [[drug overdose]], [[Dornase Alfa]], [[ferumoxytol]], [[Flucytosine]], [[galsulfase]], [[Iodixanol]], [[laronidase]], [[Lincomycin Hydrochloride]], [[Polidocanol]], [[Potassium bicarbonate]], [[pramipexole]], [[prednisolone]], [[Ramucirumab]], [[Calcium gluconate]], [[Dextran]], [[Tiagabine]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Ear, Nose, Throat]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Endocrine]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]] - typically from undiagnosed [[diabetes]],
-[[Thyrotoxicosis]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''Environmental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypothermia]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-* '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Appendicitis]],
-[[Gastrointestinal bleeding]],
-[[Retroperitoneal bleed]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Genetic]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Brugada syndrome]],
--methylglutaconic aciduria, type 1,
-[[Familial dilated cardiomyopathy ]],
-Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1,
-Hyperbilirubinemia transient, familial neonatal,
-[[Marfan syndrome ]],
-[[Timothy syndrome ]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Hematologic]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Transfusion reaction]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Infectious Disease]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Flu]] mainly in the elderly, infants, infirm or chronically ill,
-[[Neurocysticercosis ]], [[Lyme disease]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-* '''[[Musculoskeletal]] / Ortho'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Neurologic]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Apoplexy]],
-[[Encephalitis]],
-[[Intracranial hemmorhage]],
-[[Meningitis]],
-[[Stroke]],
-[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Nutritional]] / Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[3-methylglutaconic aciduria]], type 1,
-[[Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency]] ,
-[[Food allergy]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Obstetric]]/[[Gynecologic]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Amniotic fluid syndrome]] ,
-[[Childbirth hemorrhage]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-* '''[[Oncologic]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Atrial myxoma]], familial
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Opthalmologic]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''Overdose / Toxicity'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Opioid overdose]]  ,
-Oxycontin [[overdose]],
-Pain killer [[overdose]] ,
-Sleeping pill [[overdose]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Psychiatric]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Pulmonary]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Hypercapnia]],
-[[Pickwickian Syndrome]],
-[[Pulmonary embolism]],
-[[Tension pneumothorax]],
-[[Status asthmaticus]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Renal]] /[[ Electrolyte]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Hypercalcemia]],
-[[Hypokalemia]],
-[[Hyperkalemia]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''Rheumatology / Immune / [[Allergy]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Amyloidosis]],
-[[Anaphylaxis]],
-[[Myasthenia gravis]],
-[[Sarcoidosis]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Sexual]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-* '''[[Trauma]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Commotio cordis]],
-[[Homicide]],
-[[Motor Vehicle accident]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''[[Urologic]]'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-|
-*'''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Shock]],
-[[Asphyxia]],
-[[Insect bite]]
-[[Sepsis syndrome]],
-[[Shock]]
-|-
-|}
-==Differentiating sudden cardiac death from non-cardiac causes==
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
-|-bgcolor="PeachPuff"
-| '''Cardiac causes of [[sudden death]]'''
-|bgcolor="PeachPuff"|
-'''Non cardiac causes of [[sudden death]]:'''
-|-
-|-bgcolor="PeachPuff"
-|
-*Acute [[aortic insufficiency]]
-*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
-*[[Aortic dissection]]
-*[[Aortic stenosis]]
-*[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]]
-*[[Brugada syndrome]]
-*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
-*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]]
-*[[Commotio cordis]]
-*[[Complete heart block]]
-*[[Congenital heart disease]]
-*[[Congestive heart failure]]
-*[[Coronary artery disease]]
-*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
-* [[Long QT syndrome]], both [[congenital]] and acquired
-*[[Lyme disease]]
-*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]<ref name="BassoPerazzolo Marra2015">{{cite journal|last1=Basso|first1=Cristina|last2=Perazzolo Marra|first2=Martina|last3=Rizzo|first3=Stefania|last4=De Lazzari|first4=Manuel|last5=Giorgi|first5=Benedetta|last6=Cipriani|first6=Alberto|last7=Frigo|first7=Anna Chiara|last8=Rigato|first8=Ilaria|last9=Migliore|first9=Federico|last10=Pilichou|first10=Kalliopi|last11=Bertaglia|first11=Emanuele|last12=Cacciavillani|first12=Luisa|last13=Bauce|first13=Barbara|last14=Corrado|first14=Domenico|last15=Thiene|first15=Gaetano|last16=Iliceto|first16=Sabino|title=Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Sudden Cardiac Death|journal=Circulation|volume=132|issue=7|year=2015|pages=556–566|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016291}}</ref>
-*[[Myocarditis]]
-*[[Naxos disease]]
-*[[Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[Papillary muscle rupture]]
-*[[Prolonged Q-T Interval Syndrome]]
-*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
-*[[Romano-Ward syndrome ]]
-*[[Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
-*[[Prosthetic valve dysfunction]]
-*[[Short QT syndrome]]
-*[[Short QT syndrome type 1]]
-*[[Short QT syndrome type 2]]
-*[[Short QT syndrome type 3]]
-*[[Short QT syndrome type 4]]
-*[[Short QT syndrome type 5]]
-*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
-*[[ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction]]
-*[[Stokes-Adams Syndrome]]
-*[[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]]
-*[[Timothy syndrome ]]
-*[[Uhl anomaly ]]
-*[[Valvular Heart Disease]]
-*[[Ventricular rupture]]
-*[[Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome]] with rapid conduction
-|bgcolor="PeachPuff"|
-*3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type 1
-*Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency
-*Amniotic fluid syndrome
-*Arterial dissections with lentiginosis
-*[[Anaphylaxis]]
-*[[Aneurysm]]
-*[[Apoplexy]]
-*[[Appendicitis]]
-*[[Asphyxia]]
-*Birth injury
-*[[Bleeding]] excessive
-*Childbirth hemorrhage
-*Diabetic ketoacidosis - typically from undiagnosed diabetes
-*[[Drug allergy]]
-*[[Drug]] [[overdose]]
-*[[Encephalitis]]
-*[[Fetal death]]
-*[[Food allergy]]
-*[[Gastrointestinal bleeding]]
-*Homicide
-*Hyperbilirubinemia transient, familial, neonatal
-*[[Hypercalcemia]]
-*[[Hypercapnia]]
-*[[Hyperkalemia]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Hypoxia]]
-*[[Injury]]
-*[[Insect bite]]
-*[[Intracranial hemmorhage]]
-*[[Marfan syndrome ]]
-*[[Meningitis]]
-*[[Meningococcal disease]]
-*Motor Vehicle accident
-*Myasthenia Gravis
-*[[Neurocysticercosis ]]
-*Opioid [[overdose]]
-*[[Oxycontin]] [[overdose]]
-*Pain killer [[overdose]]
-*[[Pickwickian Syndrome]]
-*[[Poisoning]]
-*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
-*[[Retroperitoneal bleed]]
-*[[Sepsis syndrome]]
-*[[Shock]]
-*[[Sleep apnea ]]
-*[[Snake bite]]
-*[[Status asthmaticus]]
-*[[Stillbirth]]
-*[[Stroke]]
-*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
-*[[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]]
-*[[Suicide]]
-*Sleeping pill [[overdose]]
-*Toxic/metabolic disturbances
-*Tranquilizer addiction
-*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
-* Toxic/metabolic disturbances
-*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
-*[[Toxic shock syndrome]]
-*[[Transfusion reaction]]
-*[[Venom]]
-|-
-|}
-== Complete Differential Diagnosis for Sudden Cardiac Death ==
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightBlue"
-| '''Cardiac causes of [[sudden cardiac death]]'''
-|bgcolor="LightBlue"|
-'''Non cardiac causes of [[sudden cardiac death]]:'''
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightBlue"
-|
-*Acute [[aortic insufficiency]]
-*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
-*[[Aortic dissection]]
-*[[Aortic stenosis]]
-*[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]]
-*[[Brugada syndrome]]
-*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
-*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]]
-*[[Commotio cordis]]
-*[[Complete heart block]]
-*[[Congenital heart disease]]
-*[[Congestive heart failure]]
-*[[Coronary artery disease]]
-*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
-*Kugel-Stoloff syndrome
-* [[Long QT syndrome]], both [[congenital]] and acquired
-*[[Lyme disease]]
-*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
-*[[Myocarditis]]
-*[[Naxos disease]]
-*[[Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[Papillary muscle rupture]]
-*[[Prolonged Q-T Interval Syndrome]]
-*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
-*[[Romano-Ward syndrome ]]
-*[[Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
-*[[Short QT syndrome]]
-*[[Short QT syndrome type 1]]
-*[[Short QT syndrome type 2]]
-*[[Short QT syndrome type 3]]
-*[[Short QT syndrome type 4]]
-*[[Short QT syndrome type 5]]
-*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
-*[[ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction]]
-*[[Stokes-Adams Syndrome]]
-*[[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]]
-*[[Timothy syndrome ]]
-*[[Uhl anomaly ]]
-*[[Valvular Heart Disease]]
-*[[Ventricular rupture]]
-*[[Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome]] with rapid conduction
-* Commotio cordis-blunt [[chest trauma]]
-*Sudden death during extreme physical activity
-|bgcolor="LightBlue"|
--methylglutaconic aciduria, type 1
-*Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency
-*Amniotic fluid syndrome
-*Arterial dissections with lentiginosis
-*[[Anaphylaxis]]
-*[[Aneurysm]]
-*[[Apoplexy]]
-*[[Appendicitis]]
-*[[Asphyxia]]
-*Birth injury
-*[[Bleeding]] excessive
-*Childbirth hemorrhage
-*Diabetic ketoacidosis - typically from undiagnosed diabetes
-*[[Drug allergy]]
-*[[Drug]] [[overdose]]
-*[[Encephalitis]]
-*[[Fetal death]]
-*[[Food allergy]]
-*[[Gastrointestinal bleeding]]
-*Homicide
-*Hyperbilirubinemia transient, familial, neonatal
-*[[Hypercalcemia]]
-*[[Hypercapnia]]
-*[[Hyperkalemia]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Hypoxia]]
-*[[Injury]]
-*[[Insect bite]]
-*[[Intracranial hemmorhage]]
-*[[Marfan syndrome ]]
-*[[Meningitis]]
-*[[Meningococcal disease]]
-*Motor Vehicle accident
-*Myasthenia Gravis
-*[[Neurocysticercosis ]]
-*Opioid [[overdose]]
-*[[Oxycontin]] [[overdose]]
-*Pain killer [[overdose]]
-*[[Pickwickian Syndrome]]
-*[[Poisoning]]
-*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
-*[[Retroperitoneal bleed]]
-*[[Sepsis syndrome]]
-*[[Shock]]
-*[[Sleep apnea ]]
-*[[Snake bite]]
-*[[Status asthmaticus]]
-*[[Stillbirth]]
-*[[Stroke]]
-*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
-*[[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]]
-*[[Suicide]]
-*Sleeping pill [[overdose]]
-*Toxic/metabolic disturbances
-*Tranquilizer addiction
-*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
-* Toxic/metabolic disturbances
-*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
-*[[Toxic shock syndrome]]
-*[[Transfusion reaction]]
-*[[Venom]]
-|-
-|}
-== Complete Differential Diagnosis for Sudden Non-Cardiac Death ==
-*3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type 1
-*Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency
-*Amniotic fluid syndrome
-*Arterial dissections with lentiginosis
-*[[Anaphylaxis]]
-*[[Aneurysm]]
-*[[Apoplexy]]
-*[[Appendicitis]]
-*[[Asphyxia]]
-*Birth injury
-*[[Bleeding]] excessive
-*Childbirth hemorrhage
-*Diabetic ketoacidosis - typically from undiagnosed diabetes
-*[[Drug allergy]]
-*[[Drug]] [[overdose]]
-*[[Encephalitis]]
-*[[Fetal death]]
-*[[Flu]] mainly in the elderly, infants, infirm or chronically ill
-*[[Food allergy]]
-*[[Gastrointestinal bleeding]]
-*Homicide
-*Hyperbilirubinemia transient, familial, neonatal
-*[[Hypercalcemia]]
-*[[Hypercapnia]]
-*[[Hyperkalemia]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Hypoxia]]
-*[[Injury]]
-*[[Insect bite]]
-*[[Intracranial hemmorhage]]
-*[[Marfan syndrome ]]
-*[[Meningitis]]
-*[[Meningococcal disease]]
-*Motor Vehicle accident
-*Myasthenia Gravis
-*[[Neurocysticercosis ]]
-*Opioid [[overdose]]
-*[[Oxycontin]] [[overdose]]
-*Pain killer [[overdose]]
-*[[Pickwickian Syndrome]]
-*[[Poisoning]]
-*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
-*[[Retroperitoneal bleed]]
-*[[Sepsis syndrome]]
-*[[Shock]]
-*[[Sleep apnea ]]
-*[[Snake bite]]
-*[[Status asthmaticus]]
-*[[Stillbirth]]
-*[[Stroke]]
-*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
-*[[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]]
-*[[Suicide]]
-*Sleeping pill [[overdose]]
-*Toxic/metabolic disturbances
-*Tranquilizer addiction
-*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
-* Toxic/metabolic disturbances
-*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
-*[[Toxic shock syndrome]]
-*[[Transfusion reaction]]
-*[[Venom]]
-===Causes of Sudden Death Including Sudden Cardiac Death by Organ System===
-{|style="width:70%; height:100px" border="1"
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |
-Amyloid cardiopathy,
-[[Congestive heart failure]],
-Ventricular rupture,
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''* Ischemic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Hypoxia]],
-[[Coronary thrombosis]],
-[[Coronary vasospasm]],
-[[Coronary artery aneurysm]],
-[[Prinzmetal's variant angina ]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''* Pericardial'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Cardiac tamponade]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''* Myocardial'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Asymmetric septal hypertrophy ]],
-[[ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction]],
-[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]],
-[[Giant cell myocarditis ]],
-[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]],
-Kugel-Stoloff syndrome ,
-[[Myocardial infarction]],
-[[Myocarditis]],
-[[Rupture of the papillary muscles]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''* Endocardial/Valvular'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Mitral valve prolapse]],
-[[Valvular aortic stenosis/insufficiency],
-[[Mitral valve disruption]],
-[[Endocarditis]],
-[[Prosthetic valve dysfunction]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''* Conduction/Arrhythmia'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy]],
-[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]],
-[[Brugada syndrome]],
-Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome,
-[[Prolonged Q-T Interval Syndrome]],
-[[Multifocal ventricular premature beats ]],
-[[Naxos disease ]],
-[[Romano-Ward syndrome ]],
-[[Sick sinus syndrome]],
-[[Short QT syndrome ]],
-Sinus node disease,
-[[Stokes-Adams Syndrome]],
-Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndrome,
-[[Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''* Vascular'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Acute aortic insufficiency]],
-[[Acute coronary syndrome]],
-[[Aortic dissection]],
-[[Aortic stenosis]],
-Aorto-ventricular tunnel,
-[[Arteritis]],
-[[Coronary artery disease]],
-Coronary arteries - congenital malformation ,
-[[Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Congenital/Developmental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-Congenital aortic or pulmonary valve stenosis,
-[[Congenital septal defect]] with eisenmenger physiology,
-[[Congenital heart block ]],
-Congenital Long QT syndrome,
-[[Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy]],
-[[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]],
-[[Uhl anomaly ]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Snake bite]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Dermatologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Agalsidase beta]], [[Articaine]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[Clozapine]], [[cytomegalovirus immune globulin]], [[Drug allergy]], [[drug overdose]], [[Dornase Alfa]], [[ferumoxytol]], [[Flucytosine]], [[galsulfase]], [[Iodixanol]], [[laronidase]], [[Lincomycin Hydrochloride]], [[Polidocanol]], [[Potassium bicarbonate]], [[pramipexole]], [[prednisolone]], [[Ramucirumab]], [[Calcium gluconate]], [[Dextran]], [[Tiagabine]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]],
-Diabetic ketoacidosis - typically from undiagnosed diabetes,
-[[Thyrotoxicosis]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Environmental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypothermia]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Appendicitis]],
-[[Gastrointestinal bleeding]],
-[[Retroperitoneal bleed]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Brugada syndrome]],
--methylglutaconic aciduria, type 1,
-[[Familial dilated cardiomyopathy ]],
-Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1,
-Hyperbilirubinemia transient, familial neonatal,
-[[Marfan syndrome ]],
-[[Timothy syndrome ]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Transfusion reaction]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Flu]] mainly in the elderly, infants, infirm or chronically ill,
-[[Neurocysticercosis ]], [[Lyme disease]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Apoplexy]],
-[[Encephalitis]],
-[[Intracranial hemmorhage]],
-[[Meningitis]],
-[[Stroke]],
-[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
--methylglutaconic aciduria, type 1,
-Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency ,
-[[Food allergy]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-Amniotic fluid syndrome ,
-Childbirth hemorrhage,
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-Atrial myxoma, familial
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Opthalmologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-Opioid overdose  ,
-Oxycontin [[overdose]],
-Pain killer [[overdose]] ,
-Sleeping pill [[overdose]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Psychiatric'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Pulmonary'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Hypercapnia]],
-[[Pickwickian Syndrome]],
-[[Pulmonary embolism]],
-[[Tension pneumothorax]],
-[[Status asthmaticus]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Hypercalcemia]],
-[[Hypokalemia]],
-[[Hyperkalemia]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Amyloidosis]],
-[[Anaphylaxis]],
-[[Myasthenia gravis]],
-[[Sarcoidosis]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Sexual'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Commotio cordis]],
-Homicide,
-Motor Vehicle accident
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Urologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Shock]],
-[[Asphyxia]],
-[[Insect bite]]
-[[Sepsis syndrome]],
-[[Shock]]
-|-
-|}
-===Causes of Sudden Death Including Sudden Cardiac Death in Alphabetical Order===
-{{MultiCol}}
-*3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type 1
-*Acute aortic insufficiency
-*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
-*Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency
-*Amniotic fluid syndrome
-*Amyloid cardiopathy
-*[[Anaphylaxis]]
-*[[Aneurysm]]
-*[[Aortic dissection]]
-*[[Aortic stenosis]]
-*Aorto-ventricular tunnel
-*[[Apoplexy]]
-*[[Appendicitis]]
-*[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]]
-*Arterial dissections with lentiginosis
-*[[Asphyxia]]
-*[[Asymmetric septal hypertrophy ]]
-*Atrial cardiomyopathy with heart block
-*Atrial fibrillation, familial 1
-*Atrial myxoma, familial
-*[[Bleeding]] excessive
-*[[Brugada syndrome]]
-*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
-*Cardiomyopathy dilated with conduction defect
-*[[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]]
-*Childbirth hemorrhage
-*[[Commotio cordis]]
-*[[Complete heart block]]
-*[[Congenital heart block ]]
-*[[Congenital heart disease]]
-*[[Congestive heart failure]]
-*Coronary arteries - congenital malformation
-*[[Coronary artery disease]]
-*[[Cytomegalovirus immune globulin]]
-*Diabetic ketoacidosis - typically from undiagnosed diabetes
-*[[Drug allergy]]
-*[[Drug]] [[overdose]]
-*[[Encephalitis]]
-*[[Familial dilated cardiomyopathy ]]
-*Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1
-*[[Flu]]mainly in the elderly, infants, infirm or chronically ill
-*[[Food allergy]]
-*[[Gastrointestinal bleeding]]
-*[[Giant cell myocarditis ]]
-*[[Heart attack]]
-*[[Heart failure ]]
-*Homicide
-*Hyperbilirubinemia transient, familial, neonatal
-*[[Hypercalcemia]]
-*[[Hypercapnia]]
-*[[Hyperkalemia]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Hypoxia]]
-*[[Injury]]
-*[[Insect bite]]
-*[[Intracranial hemmorhage]]
-*[[Iodixanol]]
-*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
-*Kugel-Stoloff syndrome
-{{ColBreak}}
-*[[Marfan syndrome ]]
-*[[Meningitis]]
-*[[Meningococcal disease]]
-*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
-*[[Multifocal ventricular premature beats ]]
-*[[Myasthenia gravis]]
-*[[Myocarditis]]
-*[[Naxos disease ]]
-*[[Neurocysticercosis ]]
-*[[Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy]]
-*Opioid [[overdose]]
-*[[Oxycontin]] overdose
-*Pain killer overdose
-*[[Papillary muscle rupture]]
-*Paroxysmal ventricular fibrillation
-*[[Pickwickian Syndrome]]
-*[[Poisoning]]
-*Polymorphic catecholergic ventricular tachycardia
-*Prescribed medication addiction
-*[[Prinzmetal's variant angina ]]
-*[[Prolonged Q-T Interval Syndrome]]
-*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
-*[[Retroperitoneal bleed]]
-*Motor Vehicle accident
-*[[Romano-Ward syndrome ]]
-*[[Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
-*[[Sepsis syndrome]]
-*[[Shock]]
-*[[Short QT syndrome ]]
-*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
-*Sinus node disease
-*[[Sleep apnea ]]
-*Sleeping pill [[overdose]]
-*[[Snake bite]]
-*[[ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction]]
-*[[Status asthmaticus]]
-*[[Stillbirth]]
-*[[Stokes-Adams Syndrome]]
-*[[Stroke]]
-*Subaortic stenosis - short stature syndrome
-*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
-*Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndrome
-*[[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]]
-*[[Suicide]]
-*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
-*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
-*[[Timothy syndrome ]]
-*[[Toxic shock syndrome]]
-*Toxic/metabolic disturbances
-*Tranquilizer addiction
-*[[Transfusion reaction]]
-*[[Uhl anomaly ]]
-*[[Valvular Heart Disease]]
-*[[Venom]]
-*[[Ventricular rupture]]
-*Ventricular tachycardia, catecholaminergic polymorphic, 1
-*[[Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
-{{EndMultiCol}}
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
 [[Category:Cardiology]]
 [[Category:Public health]]
 [[Category:Electrophysiology]]
 [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
-{{WH}}
-{{WS}}

Sudden cardiac death causes: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:51, 19 July 2023

Overview

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