Sudden cardiac death causes: Difference between revisions

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*In people who are on their fourth decade of life, [[acute coronary syndrome]] ([[ACS]]) greatly predominates <ref name="pmid31023437">{{cite journal| author=Waldmann V, Karam N, Bougouin W, Sharifzadehgan A, Dumas F, Narayanan K | display-authors=etal| title=Burden of Coronary Artery Disease as a Cause of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the Young. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2019 | volume= 73 | issue= 16 | pages= 2118-2120 | pmid=31023437 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.064 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31023437  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid31857140">{{cite journal| author=Waldmann V, Karam N, Rischard J, Bougouin W, Sharifzadehgan A, Dumas F | display-authors=etal| title=Low rates of immediate coronary angiography among young adults resuscitated from sudden cardiac arrest. | journal=Resuscitation | year= 2020 | volume= 147 | issue=  | pages= 34-42 | pmid=31857140 | doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.12.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31857140  }} </ref>.
*In people who are on their fourth decade of life, [[acute coronary syndrome]] ([[ACS]]) greatly predominates <ref name="pmid31023437">{{cite journal| author=Waldmann V, Karam N, Bougouin W, Sharifzadehgan A, Dumas F, Narayanan K | display-authors=etal| title=Burden of Coronary Artery Disease as a Cause of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the Young. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2019 | volume= 73 | issue= 16 | pages= 2118-2120 | pmid=31023437 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.064 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31023437  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid31857140">{{cite journal| author=Waldmann V, Karam N, Rischard J, Bougouin W, Sharifzadehgan A, Dumas F | display-authors=etal| title=Low rates of immediate coronary angiography among young adults resuscitated from sudden cardiac arrest. | journal=Resuscitation | year= 2020 | volume= 147 | issue=  | pages= 34-42 | pmid=31857140 | doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.12.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31857140  }} </ref>.
* In elderly, [[structural diseases]] predominate <ref name="pmid24604905">{{cite journal| author=Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Behr ER, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL | display-authors=etal| title=Burden of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1 to 49 years: nationwide study in Denmark. | journal=Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 205-11 | pmid=24604905 | doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001421 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24604905  }} </ref>.
* In elderly, [[structural diseases]] predominate <ref name="pmid24604905">{{cite journal| author=Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Behr ER, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL | display-authors=etal| title=Burden of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1 to 49 years: nationwide study in Denmark. | journal=Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 205-11 | pmid=24604905 | doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001421 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24604905  }} </ref>.
==Diffential diagnosis of [[sudden cardiac death]]==
<ref name="MooreYu2018">{{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Benjamin|last2=Yu|first2=Christopher|last3=Kotchetkova|first3=Irina|last4=Cordina|first4=Rachael|last5=Celermajer|first5=David S.|title=Incidence and clinical characteristics of sudden cardiac death in adult congenital heart disease|journal=International Journal of Cardiology|volume=254|year=2018|pages=101–106|issn=01675273|doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.11.117}}</ref><ref name="SchwartzStramba-Badiale2009">{{cite journal|last1=Schwartz|first1=Peter J.|last2=Stramba-Badiale|first2=Marco|last3=Crotti|first3=Lia|last4=Pedrazzini|first4=Matteo|last5=Besana|first5=Alessandra|last6=Bosi|first6=Giuliano|last7=Gabbarini|first7=Fulvio|last8=Goulene|first8=Karine|last9=Insolia|first9=Roberto|last10=Mannarino|first10=Savina|last11=Mosca|first11=Fabio|last12=Nespoli|first12=Luigi|last13=Rimini|first13=Alessandro|last14=Rosati|first14=Enrico|last15=Salice|first15=Patrizia|last16=Spazzolini|first16=Carla|title=Prevalence of the Congenital Long-QT Syndrome|journal=Circulation|volume=120|issue=18|year=2009|pages=1761–1767|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.863209}}</ref><ref name="Visservan der Heijden2016">{{cite journal|last1=Visser|first1=Marloes|last2=van der Heijden|first2=Jeroen F.|last3=Doevendans|first3=Pieter A.|last4=Loh|first4=Peter|last5=Wilde|first5=Arthur A.|last6=Hassink|first6=Rutger J.|title=Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation|journal=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology|volume=9|issue=5|year=2016|issn=1941-3149|doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.115.003817}}</ref><ref name="YamashinaYagi2011">{{cite journal|last1=Yamashina|first1=Y.|last2=Yagi|first2=T.|last3=Namekawa|first3=A.|last4=Ishida|first4=A.|last5=Sato|first5=H.|last6=Nakagawa|first6=T.|last7=Sakuramoto|first7=M.|last8=Sato|first8=E.|last9=Yambe|first9=T.|title=Prevalence and characteristics of idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract arrhythmias associated with J-waves|journal=Europace|volume=13|issue=12|year=2011|pages=1774–1780|issn=1099-5129|doi=10.1093/europace/eur256}}</ref><ref name="pmid31489394">{{cite journal |vauthors=Henriques de Gouveia RHAM, Corte Real Gonçalves FMA |title=Sudden cardiac death and valvular pathology |journal=Forensic Sci Res |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=280–286 |date=2019 |pmid=31489394 |pmc=6713097 |doi=10.1080/20961790.2019.1595351 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24568819">{{cite journal |vauthors=Israel CW |title=Mechanisms of sudden cardiac death |journal=Indian Heart J |volume=66 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S10–7 |date=2014 |pmid=24568819 |pmc=4237287 |doi=10.1016/j.ihj.2014.01.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid31768884">{{cite journal |vauthors=Akhtar M, Elliott PM |title=Risk Stratification for Sudden Cardiac Death in Non-Ischaemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy |journal=Curr Cardiol Rep |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=155 |date=November 2019 |pmid=31768884 |pmc=6877704 |doi=10.1007/s11886-019-1236-3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21185501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldenberg I, Horr S, Moss AJ, Lopes CM, Barsheshet A, McNitt S, Zareba W, Andrews ML, Robinson JL, Locati EH, Ackerman MJ, Benhorin J, Kaufman ES, Napolitano C, Platonov PG, Priori SG, Qi M, Schwartz PJ, Shimizu W, Towbin JA, Vincent GM, Wilde AA, Zhang L |title=Risk for life-threatening cardiac events in patients with genotype-confirmed long-QT syndrome and normal-range corrected QT intervals |journal=J Am Coll Cardiol |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=51–9 |date=January 2011 |pmid=21185501 |pmc=3332533 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2010.07.038 |url=}}</ref><ref name="SaraEleid2014">{{cite journal|last1=Sara|first1=Jaskanwal D.|last2=Eleid|first2=Mackram F.|last3=Gulati|first3=Rajiv|last4=Holmes|first4=David R.|title=Sudden Cardiac Death From the Perspective of Coronary Artery Disease|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=89|issue=12|year=2014|pages=1685–1698|issn=00256196|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.08.022}}</ref><ref name="pmid23022709">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Mahony C, Elliott P, McKenna W |title=Sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |journal=Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=443–51 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23022709 |doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.111.962043 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30572429">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qiu M, Lv B, Lin W, Ma J, Dong H |title=Sudden cardiac death due to the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: A case report with genetic analysis |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=97 |issue=51 |pages=e13248 |date=December 2018 |pmid=30572429 |pmc=6320009 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000013248 |url=}}</ref><ref name="ZhengZheng2018">{{cite journal|last1=Zheng|first1=Jingjing|last2=Zheng|first2=Da|last3=Su|first3=Terry|last4=Cheng|first4=Jianding|title=Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death Syndrome: The Hundred Years' Enigma|journal=Journal of the American Heart Association|volume=7|issue=5|year=2018|issn=2047-9980|doi=10.1161/JAHA.117.007837}}</ref><ref name="pmid28567077">{{cite journal |vauthors=Viskin 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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Differentiating diagnosis of [[sudden cardiac death]] !! [[Coronary Artery Disease]] !! [[Ideopathic dilated cardiomyopathy]] !! [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]!![[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy]]!![[Valvular Heart Disease]]!! [[Congenital Heart Disease]]!![[Long QT syndrome]]!![[WPW]] syndrome!!Ideopathic monomorphic [[VT]]!! Polymorphic [[VT]]!! Ideopathic [[VF]]!![[Sudden unexpected nocturnal death]] ([[Lai-Lai]], [[sleep death, Laos Pukkuri]]
|-
! Incidence
| 80%|| 10% || 1%||2%||1% to 5% in native [[valves]], 0.2%–0.9% in [[prosthesis]]||0.04% ||0.05% || 0.1%|| Rare ||0.15% ||5%||0.001%
|-
! Mechanism
| [[Atherosclerosis]] in [[coronary arteries]]: 3 vessels disease in 40-86% patients with stenosis > 75%, [[MI]] < 50%, Qwave [[MI]] < 25%, recent [[coronary thrombosis]] 15-64% , healed [[infarct]]>50% in autopsy or survivors of [[SCD]], Non atherosclerotic changes including [[coronary emboli]], [[coronary arthritis]], [[coronary dissection]] in few cases||[[Myocardial]] stretch, [[neuroendocrine factors]], [[electrolyte]] abnormality, [[proarrhythmic]] effect of [[antiarrhythmic]] drugs, excessive activation of [[sympathetic]] and [[renin angiotensin system]] || [[Arrhythmia]], abrupt hemodynamic deterioration, [[ischemia]]|| Fatty and fibrofatty [[myocardial]] infiltration, patchy [[myocarditis]], [[apoptosis]] of [[left ventricle]], [[left ventricular septum]] (50-67%), [[right ventricular]] inflow, outflow tract and apex( [[triangle of dysplasia]])|| [[Arrhythmia]], [[prosthetic valve dysfunction]], Coexisting [[CAD]]|| [[SCD]] is late presentation after surgical repair of complex [[congenital heart disease]] such as [[Eisenmenger syndrome]],[[transposition of the great arteries]] (atrial switch or congenitally corrected), [[Fontan]] circulations. || Prolongation of [[repolarization]], [[early after depolarization]]||In 10% of [[WPW]] [[patients]], [[SCD]] is first presentation. Development of [[VF]]  in the presence of rapid conduction of [[AF]] to the [[ventricle]] through [[accessory pathway]]|| Normal structure of the [[heart]], Originated from [[RV]] outflow tract (more common), or [[LV]] outflow tract. [[SCD]] is rare|| Initiation of [[arrhythmia]] with [[coupled premature complex]], in the presence of acquired or congenital  [[Long QT ]] interval or [[ischemia]], sporadic or familiar||Normal structure of the [[heart]] with high incidence of recurrence of [[VF]] or [[cardiac arrest]] or [[syncope]] (30%) without [[ICD]] implantation|| Unknown
|-
! Risk factors of [[SCD]]
| [[Plaque]], [[fissure]], [[hemorrhage]], [[thrombosis]] in [[coronary arteries]] ||  Frequent episodes of non sustain [[VT]], [[syncope]] || Family history of [[SCD]], recurrent [[syncope]], [[sustained VT]], history of [[SCA]], massive [[LVH]], multiple episodes of non sustained [[VT]]|| ||Asymptomatic [[aotric valve disease]] is low risk for [[SCD]]. Risk factors of [[SCD]] in [[MVP]]: [[myxomatous]] degeneration of the [[valve]], coexisting [[mitral regurgitation]], [[LV dysfunction]]|| Risk factors of [[SCD]]  in [[TOF]]: [[QRS]] prolongation, dilated [[RV]]||  Incidence of [[cardiac]] event in [[LQT]]S1, [[LQT]]S2> [[LQT]]S3 Lethality of [[cardiac]] event in [[LQTS3]] > [[LQTS1]], [[LQTS2]]|| Predictors of [[VF]]: [[AF]] with shortest interval between [[ventricle]] beats less than 250 msec|| || [[Cathecolamine]] release after [[stressful]] [[emotional]] or [[physical]] event|| || Young, [[male]] sex, southeast asian ethnicity
|-
! Arrhythmia
| [[VT]], [[VF]] (75%), [[bradycardia]], [[asystole]](25%) || Mechanism of [[VT]]: [[bundle branch reentry tachycardia]], terminal event: [[asystole]], [[electromechanical dissociation]] in advanced [[LV]] dysfunction || [[Ventricular tachycardia]], [[Ventricular fibrillation]]|| [[ECG]] in [[normal sinus rhythm]] [[T waves]] inversion in V1-V3, complete, incomplete [[RBBB]], epsilone wave ( terminal notch on [[QRS]] complex), [[VT]] is [[LBBB]] contour||  ||[[Atrial arrhythmias]] (43%), [[QRS]] prolongation (mean 132ms) || [[Torsadepoints]], [[ECG]] findings: abnormal Twaves contour, Twaves alternance, [[sinus bradycardia]]|| ||[[RV]] outflow tract [[VT]] is [[LBBB]] contour, inferior axis, Termination with [[vagal]] maneuver such as [[adenosine]]. [[LVOT VT]] or fasciculated [[VT]] is [[RBBB]] contour with left axis deviation, originated from left posterior septum, Termination with [[calcium channel blocker]]|| [[SCD]]  in the presence of [[polymorphic VT]] and  even normal [[LV]] function without [[torsadepoints]]. Termination of cathecolaminergic polymorphic [[VT]] ([[CPVT]]) with [[betablocker]]||[[Ealy repolarization]] abnormality in inferior lateral leads, No response to [[betablocker]] in the presence of ideopathic [[VF]] or short coupled of [[torsades de points]] ||
|-
|}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 19:51, 19 July 2023

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Zand, M.D.[2] Edzel Lorraine Co, DMD, MD[3]

Overview

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) may be caused by underlying cardiac abnormality including coronary artery abnormality , hypertrophy of myocardium, myocardial disease, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, abnormality in conducting system and electrical instability. The type of cardiac disease that is associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD) depends on the age of the individual [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8].

Causes

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Winkel BG, Holst AG, Theilade J, Kristensen IB, Thomsen JL, Ottesen GL; et al. (2011). "Nationwide study of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1-35 years". Eur Heart J. 32 (8): 983–90. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq428. PMID 21131293.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Behr ER, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL; et al. (2014). "Burden of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1 to 49 years: nationwide study in Denmark". Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 7 (2): 205–11. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001421. PMID 24604905.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bagnall RD, Weintraub RG, Ingles J, Duflou J, Yeates L, Lam L; et al. (2016). "A Prospective Study of Sudden Cardiac Death among Children and Young Adults". N Engl J Med. 374 (25): 2441–52. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1510687. PMID 27332903.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Wisten A, Forsberg H, Krantz P, Messner T (2002). "Sudden cardiac death in 15-35-year olds in Sweden during 1992-99". J Intern Med. 252 (6): 529–36. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.01038.x. PMID 12472914.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Chugh SS, Jui J, Gunson K, Stecker EC, John BT, Thompson B; et al. (2004). "Current burden of sudden cardiac death: multiple source surveillance versus retrospective death certificate-based review in a large U.S. community". J Am Coll Cardiol. 44 (6): 1268–75. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.029. PMID 15364331.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Winkel BG, Risgaard B, Sadjadieh G, Bundgaard H, Haunsø S, Tfelt-Hansen J (2014). "Sudden cardiac death in children (1-18 years): symptoms and causes of death in a nationwide setting". Eur Heart J. 35 (13): 868–75. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht509. PMID 24344190.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Byrne R, Constant O, Smyth Y, Callagy G, Nash P, Daly K; et al. (2008). "Multiple source surveillance incidence and aetiology of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death in a rural population in the West of Ireland". Eur Heart J. 29 (11): 1418–23. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn155. PMID 18424446.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Eckart RE, Shry EA, Burke AP, McNear JA, Appel DA, Castillo-Rojas LM; et al. (2011). "Sudden death in young adults: an autopsy-based series of a population undergoing active surveillance". J Am Coll Cardiol. 58 (12): 1254–61. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.049. PMID 21903060.
  9. ↑ Waldmann V, Karam N, Bougouin W, Sharifzadehgan A, Dumas F, Narayanan K; et al. (2019). "Burden of Coronary Artery Disease as a Cause of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the Young". J Am Coll Cardiol. 73 (16): 2118–2120. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.064. PMID 31023437.
  10. ↑ Waldmann V, Karam N, Rischard J, Bougouin W, Sharifzadehgan A, Dumas F; et al. (2020). "Low rates of immediate coronary angiography among young adults resuscitated from sudden cardiac arrest". Resuscitation. 147: 34–42. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.12.005. PMID 31857140.
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