Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Difference between revisions

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria;
Phylum:	Firmicutes;
Class:	Cocci;
Order:	Bacillales;
Family:	Staphylococcaceae;
Genus:	Staphylococcus;
Species:	S. saprophyticus;
Binomial name
	Staphylococcus saprophyticus; (Fairbrother 1940); Shaw et al. 1951

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 14:14, 12 August 2015

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a coagulase-negative species of Staphylococcus bacteria (which are catalase-positive). S. saprophyticus is often implicated in urinary tract infections. S. saprophyticus is resistant to the antibiotic Novobiocin, a characteristic that is used in laboratory identification to distinguish it from S. epidermitis, which is also coagulase- negative.

The organism is rarely found in healthy humans but is commonly isolated from animals and their carcasses.

It is implicated in 10-20% of urinary tract infections (UTI). In females between the ages of ca. 17-27 it is the second most common cause of UTIs. It may also reside in the urinary tract and bladder of sexually active females. S. saprophyticus is phosphatase-negative, urease and lipase positive.

Some of the symptoms of this bacteria are burning sensation when passing urine, the urge to go to the toilet more often than usual, the 'dripping effect' after urination, weak bladder, bloated feeling with sharp razor pains in the lower abdomen around the bladder and ovary areas and razor-like pains during sexual intercourse.

Quinolones are commonly used in treatment of S. saprophyticus urinary tract infections.

Treatment

Antimicrobial Regimen

Urinary tract infections^[1]

Preferred regimen (1): Cephalexin 500 mg PO qid
Preferred regimen (2): Amoxicillin-Clavulanate 875/125 mg PO bid
Preferred regimen (3): TMP-SMX 160–800 mg PO bid
Alternative regimen: Levofloxacin 500 mg PO qd

References

↑ Abramowicz, Mark (2011). Handbook of antimicrobial therapy : selected articles from Treatment guidelines with updates from The medical letter. New Rochelle, N.Y: The Medical Letter. ISBN 978-0981527826.

[1] Abramowicz, Mark (2011). Handbook of antimicrobial therapy : selected articles from Treatment guidelines with updates from The medical letter. New Rochelle, N.Y: The Medical Letter. ISBN 978-0981527826.

[1]

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 | binomial_authority = (Fairbrother 1940)<br>Shaw ''et al.'' 1951
 }}
+__NOTOC__
+{{CMG}}
+==Overview==
 '''''Staphylococcus saprophyticus''''' is a [[coagulase]]-negative species of ''[[Staphylococcus]]'' bacteria (which are [[catalase]]-positive). ''S. saprophyticus'' is often implicated in [[urinary tract infection]]s. ''S. saprophyticus'' is '''resistant''' to the antibiotic [[Novobiocin]], a characteristic that is used in laboratory identification to distinguish it from ''S. epidermitis'', which is also coagulase- negative.
@@ Line 22: / Line 26: @@
 [[Quinolones]] are commonly used in treatment of ''S. saprophyticus'' urinary tract infections.
-===Treatment===
+==Treatment==
-===Antimicrobial therapy===
-:* Urinary tract infection
-::* Acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection (cystitis-urethritis) in females
-:::* Preferred regimen :  [[Cephalosporin]] PO {{or}}  [[Amoxicillin]]-[[Clavulanate]] 625 mg PO {{or}} [[Trimethoprim]]-[[Sulfamethoxazole]]-DS bid for 3 days; if sulfa allergy, [[Nitrofurantoin]] 100 mg po bid for 5 days {{or}} [[Fosfomycin]] 3 gm po as a single dose {{and}} [[Pyridium]].
-:::* Alternative regimen (in sulfa allergy): then 3 days of [[Ciprofloxacin]] 250 mg bid {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]]-[[Erythromycin]] 500 mg q24h {{or}} [[Levofloxacin]] 250 mg q24h {{or}} [[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg q24h {{or}} [[Nitrofurantoin]] 100 mg bid {{or}} [[Fosfomycin]] single 3 gm dose {{and}} [[Phenazopyridine]] [[Pyridium]] 200 mg po tid times 2 days.
-:::: Note (1): [[Pyridium]] non-prescription—may relieve dysuria. Hemolysis if G6PD deficient.
-:::: Note (2): >7-day treatment recommended in pregnancy [discontinue or do not use sulfonamides ([[Trimethoprim]]-[[Sulfamethoxazole]])  near term (2 weeks before EDC) because of potential increase in kernicterus]. If failure on 3-day course, culture and treat for 2 weeks.
-::* Recurrent urinary tract infection in postmenopausal women
-:::* Preferred regimen : [[Trimethoprim]]-[[Sulfamethoxazole]]-DS bid for 3 days; if sulfa allergy, [[Nitrofurantoin]] 100 mg po bid for 5 days {{or}} [[Fosfomycin]] 3 gm po as a single dose {{and}} [[Pyridium]].
-:::* Alternative regimen (in sulfa allergy): then 3 days of [[Ciprofloxacin]] 250 mg bid {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]]-[[Erythromycin]] 500 mg q24h {{or}} [[Levofloxacin]] 250 mg q24h {{or}} [[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg q24h {{or}} [[Nitrofurantoin]] 100 mg bid {{or}} [[Fosfomycin]] single 3 gm dose {{and}} [[Phenazopyridine]] [[Pyridium]] 200 mg po tid times 2 days.
-:::: Note (1): Recurrent urinary tract infection definition is ≥3 culture and symptomatic urinary tract infection in 1 year or 2 urinary tract infection in 6 months. Evaluate for potentially correctable urologic factors like (1) cystocele (2) incontinence (3) increased residual urine volume (≥50 mL).
-:::: Note (2): Nitrofurantoin more effective than vaginal cream in decreasing frequency, but adverse effect is pulmonary fibrosis with long-term [[Nitrofurantoin]] treatment.
-::* Preferred regimen (1): For methicillin-susceptible bacteria replacement of [[Vancomycin]] by beta-lactamase resistant [[Penicillins]] {{and}} [[Cephalosporins]] (first or second generation) is advisable for isolates.
-::* Preferred regimen (2): For methicillin resistance bacteria [[Daptomycin]] {{or}} [[Linezolid]] {{or}} [[Cephalosporins]].
-::* Alternative regimen: [[Cotrimoxazole]] if isolates are susceptible. glycopeptides and beta-lactams include [[Aminoglycosides]] {{or}} [[Fosfomycin]] {{or}} [[Cotrimoxazole]] and [[Fusidic acid]].
-::: Note: That in cases of Staphylococcus lugdunensis-caused endocarditis, medical therapy alone is rarely successful and urgent surgical intervention is necessary. A recent analysis revealed that medical treatment alone was an independent risk factor for mortality
+===Antimicrobial Regimen===
+:* '''Urinary tract infections'''<ref>{{cite book | last = Abramowicz | first = Mark | title = Handbook of antimicrobial therapy : selected articles from Treatment guidelines with updates from The medical letter | publisher = The Medical Letter | location = New Rochelle, N.Y | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0981527826 }}</ref>
+::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Cephalexin]] 500 mg PO qid
+::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Amoxicillin-Clavulanate]] 875/125 mg PO bid
+::* Preferred regimen (3): [[TMP-SMX]] 160–800 mg PO bid
+::* Alternative regimen: [[Levofloxacin]] 500 mg PO qd
+==References==
+{{reflist|2}}
 [[Category:Gram positive bacteria]]
 [[Category:Staphylococcaceae]]
-<br style="clear: left"/>
-{{medical-stub}}
-{{bacteria-stub}}
-[[es:Staphylococcus saprophyticus]]
-[[fr:Staphylococcus saprophyticus]]
-[[pt:Staphylococcus saprophyticus]]
-[[sr:Стафилококус сапрофитикус]]
-{{references}}
-{{reflist|2}}