Sore mouth infection
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Overview
Related Key Words and Synonyms:
Orf virus, scabby mouth, or contagious ecthyma.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Geographically, “sore mouth” infection is commonly found throughout the world. According to the United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service's National Animal Health Monitoring System (USDA APHIS NAHMS) 2001 sheep survey, 40 percent of U.S. operations reported sore mouth infecting their flocks in the previous three years.
Sore mouth is generally found only in sheep and goats. Other ruminants that are occasionally infected include musk oxen and gazelles.
Risk Factors
Since sore mouth is primarily an illness of sheep or goats, people who handle these animals are at greatest risk of infection. Specific activities that may put you at risk of infection include:
- Bottle feeding, tube feeding, or shearing animals (i.e., sheep or goats)
- Petting or having casual contact with infected animals
- Handling infected equipment
- Working with animals when you have an open cut or skin sore
- Being bitten by an infected animal
Screening
Pathophysiology & Etiology
“Sore mouth,” also known as “scabby mouth,” or contagious ecthyma, is a viral infection caused by a member of the poxvirus group (specifically orf virus) and is an infection primarily of sheep and goats. The scabs of infected animals contain virus, can fall off, remain in the environment and serve as a source of infection to susceptible animals. A flock can become infected through contaminated bedding, feed or trucks, or by direct contact with infected animals (e.g. replacements brought onto the operation or at shows).
Animals may become infected with sore mouth more than once in their lifetime although infections are likely to occur years apart. Young animals will have the most visible disease because they have not likely been exposed to the virus before and because their immune systems are still developing.
Can people become infected with sore mouth?
Yes, people can become infected with the virus that causes sore mouth. A person who comes into contact with virus from an infected animal or equipment (such as a harness that has rubbed the animal's sores) can potentially get infected. People often develop sores on their hands (see photos). The sore may be painful and can last for 2 months. People do not infect other people. Sores usually heal without scarring.
Molecular Biology
Genetics
Natural History
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a serious disease that does resemble sore mouth and can affect sheep, goats, cattle, swine, and other "cloven-hoofed" animals. Although FMD has not occurred in the United States since 1929, if there are symptoms you observe in your animals that appear more serious than sore mouth, immediately report it to your veterinarian, to State or Federal animal disease control officials, or to your county agricultural agent.
History and Symptoms
- Early in the infection sores appear as blisters and then become crusty scabs.
- Sores are typically found on the lips, muzzle, and in the mouth.
- Sheep and goats may get similar sores/scabs on the lower legs and the teats, especially when ewes or does are nursing infected lambs or kids.
- Except in rare cases, animals recover completely from sore mouth infections within a month.
- Young animals may have difficulty nursing/feeding and may require bottle or tube feeding. Nursing ewes may abandon their lambs, and older animals may also require nutritional support.
- Particular breeds (e.g. Boer goats) may be especially susceptible and have severe infections.
Physical Examination
Appearance of the Patient
Vital Signs
Skin
Eyes
Ear Nose and Throat
Other
Laboratory Findings
Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies
Electrocardiogram
Chest X Ray
MRI and CT
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Risk Stratification and Prognosis
Can an animal become infected with sore mouth more than once? Yes, animals may become infected more than once in their lifetime but repeat infections usually occur after a year's time and are usually less severe.
Treatment
Pharmacotherapy
Acute Pharmacotherapies
Chronic Pharmacotherapies
Primary Prevention
Is there a vaccination for sore mouth?
Currently, there are commercially available preparations of live virus marketed as vaccines. According to the 2001 NAHMS sheep survey, approximately 5 percent of operators reported using a vaccination for sore mouth in replacement or breeding ewes. More operators (14.0 percent) reported vaccinating their nursing lambs for orf.
There are measures that may help lessen the risk of infection. These include:
- Reduce the likelihood of mouth/muzzle cuts (e.g. remove thistle or harsh brush from grazing areas)
- Quarantine new animals until sore mouth can be ruled out
- Avoid bringing animals with sore mouth to public events such as fairs and shows
The sore mouth virus survives in soil, and carrier animals may not show symptoms; as a result it is difficult to prevent infection, but using the measures above may assist in prevention.
Sore mouth may be transmitted through saliva. Some owners choose to assist the judges at shows by opening their own animal's mouth. While there is no evidence to prove that this will prevent sore mouth, it is a logical measure to decrease the spread of sore mouth by indirect contact (i.e. from infected animal to judge’s hand to uninfected animal).
Secondary Prevention
What should I keep in mind when using a vaccine? Producers considering using an orf vaccine product in their flock should consult a veterinarian. Vaccination practices vary depending on breed and geographic location. Use of a vaccine is only suggested for previously infected flocks since the vaccination will cause an orf infection in the animals and lead to contamination of the operation with virus-containing scabs. Studies conducted by experts in Scotland suggest that if a vaccine product is used in a flock, it may decrease the severity of illness.
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
"The Way I Like To Do It ..." Tips and Tricks From Clinicians Around The World
Suggested Revisions to the Current Guidelines
References
- http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/orf_virus/large_images/orf_kid.html
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orf_%28animal_disease%29
Acknowledgements
The content on this page was first contributed by: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.
Initial content for this page in some instances came from Wikipedia
List of contributors:
Pilar Almonacid