Somatostatin: Difference between revisions

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{{Protein
{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
|Name=Somatostatin
|authorTag=<!--Overview-->
|image=somatostatin.png
|aOrAn=a
|caption=
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|Symbol=SST
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|EntrezGene=6750
<!--Adult Indications and Dosage-->
|RefSeq=NM_001048
 
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__NOTOC__
* Dosing Information
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* Dosing Information
 
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* Dosing Information
 
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=====Condition4=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* Dosage
 
<!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)-->
 
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* Developed by:
 
* Class of Recommendation:
 
* Strength of Evidence:
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* Dosage
 
=====Condition2=====
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.
 
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|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport======Condition1=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* Dosage
 
=====Condition2=====
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.
 
<!--Pediatric Indications and Dosage-->
 
<!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
|fdaLIADPed======Condition1=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* Dosage
 
=====Condition2=====
 
There is limited information regarding <i>FDA-Labeled Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
 
<!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
 
<!--Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
|offLabelPedGuideSupport======Condition1=====
 
* Developed by:
 
* Class of Recommendation:
 
* Strength of Evidence:
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* Dosage
 
=====Condition2=====
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
 
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|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport======Condition1=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* Dosage
 
=====Condition2=====
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
 
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====Precautions====
 
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=====Musculoskeletal=====
 
 
 
 
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=====Respiratory=====
 
 
 
 
=====Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions=====
 
 
 
 
=====Special Senses=====
 
 
 
 
=====Urogenital=====
 
 
 
 
=====Miscellaneous=====
 
 
 
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|postmarketing=There is limited information regarding <i>Postmarketing Experience</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
 
=====Body as a Whole=====
 
 
 
=====Cardiovascular=====
 
 
 
=====Digestive=====
 
 
 
=====Endocrine=====
 
 
 
=====Hematologic and Lymphatic=====
 
 
 
=====Metabolic and Nutritional=====
 
 
 
=====Musculoskeletal=====
 
 
 
=====Neurologic=====
 
 
 
=====Respiratory=====
 
 
 
=====Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions=====
 
 
 
=====Special Senses=====
 
 
 
=====Urogenital=====
 
 
 
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There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of {{PAGENAME}} in women who are pregnant.
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|useInPed=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to pediatric patients.
|useInGeri=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to geriatric patients.
|useInGender=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific gender populations.
|useInRace=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific racial populations.
|useInRenalImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with renal impairment.
|useInHepaticImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with hepatic impairment.
|useInReproPotential=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in women of reproductive potentials and males.
|useInImmunocomp=There is no FDA guidance one the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients who are immunocompromised.
 
<!--Administration and Monitoring-->
|administration=* Oral
 
* Intravenous
|monitoring=There is limited information regarding <i>Monitoring</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
 
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|IVCompat=There is limited information regarding <i>IV Compatibility</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
 
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|overdose====Acute Overdose===
 
====Signs and Symptoms====
 
* Description
 
====Management====
 
* Description
 
===Chronic Overdose===


{{SK}} GHIH; Growth hormone inhibiting hormone; somatotropin release-inhibiting factor; SRIF
There is limited information regarding <i>Chronic Overdose</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


==Overview==
<!--Pharmacology-->


'''Somatostatin''' (also known as '''growth hormone inhibiting hormone''' ('''GHIH''') or '''somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone''' ('''SRIF''')) is a [[peptide hormone]] that regulates the [[endocrine system]] and affects [[neurotransmission]] and [[cell proliferation]] via interaction with [[G-protein-coupled]] [[somatostatin receptors]] and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.
<!--Drug box 2-->
|drugBox=<!--Mechanism of Action-->
|mechAction=*


Somatostatin has two active forms produced by alternative cleavage of a single preproprotein: one of 14 [[amino acid]]s, the other of 28 amino acids.<ref name="GP5416">{{GeorgiaPhysiology|5/5ch4/s5ch4_16}}</ref>
<!--Structure-->
|structure=*


==Production==
: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}01.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]


===Digestive system===
<!--Pharmacodynamics-->
|PD=There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacodynamics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


Somatostatin is secreted in several locations in the digestive system:
<!--Pharmacokinetics-->
* [[Stomach]]
|PK=There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacokinetics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
* [[Intestine]]
* [[Delta cells]] of the [[pancreas]]<ref>Costanzo, LS. ''Board Review Series: Physiology'' 3rd Ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. 2003. p. 280.</ref>


===Brain===
<!--Nonclinical Toxicology-->
|nonClinToxic=There is limited information regarding <i>Nonclinical Toxicology</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


Somatostatin is produced by [[neuroendocrine]] neurons of the [[periventricular nucleus]] of the [[hypothalamus]]. These neurons project to the [[median eminence]], where somatostatin is released from neurosecretory nerve endings into the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal circulation. These blood vessels carry somatostatin to the [[anterior pituitary gland]], where somatostatin inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from [[somatotrope]] cells. The somatostatin neurons in the periventricular nucleus mediate negative feedback effects of growth hormone on its own release; the somatostatin neurons respond to high circulating concentrations of growth hormone and [[somatomedin]]s by increasing the release of somatostatin, so reducing the rate of secretion of growth hormone.
<!--Clinical Studies-->
|clinicalStudies=There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Studies</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


Somatostatin is also produced by several other populations that project centrally - i.e. to other areas of the brain, and somatostatin receptors are expressed at many different sites in the brain. In particular, there are populations of somatostatin neurons in the [[arcuate nucleus]], the [[hippocampus]] and the brainstem [[nucleus of the solitary tract]].
<!--How Supplied-->
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<!--Patient Counseling Information-->
|fdaPatientInfo=There is limited information regarding <i>Patient Counseling Information</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


==Actions==
<!--Precautions with Alcohol-->
|alcohol=* Alcohol-{{PAGENAME}} interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.


[[Image:Control-of-stomach-acid-sec.png|thumb|left|250px|[[D cell (biology)|D cell]] is visible at upper right, and somatostatinis represented by middle arrow pointing left]]
<!--Brand Names-->
|brandNames=* ®<ref>{{Cite web | title =  | url =  }}</ref>


Somatostatin is classified as an [[inhibitory]] hormone,<ref name="GP5416"> </ref> whose actions are spread to different parts of the body:
<!--Look-Alike Drug Names-->
|lookAlike=* A® — B®<ref name="www.ismp.org">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = http://www.ismp.org | url = http://www.ismp.org | publisher =  | date =  }}</ref>


===Anterior pituitary===
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In the [[anterior pituitary gland]], the effects of somatostatin are:
* Inhibit the release of [[growth hormone]] (GH) <ref name="Colorado"> http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/otherendo/somatostatin.html Colorado State University - Biomedical Hypertextbooks - Somatostatin </ref> (thus opposing the effects of [[Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone]] (GHRH))
* Inhibit the release of [[thyroid-stimulating hormone]] (TSH)


===Gastrointestinal system===


* Suppress the release of [[gastrointestinal hormone]]s
<!--Label Display Image-->
** [[Gastrin]]
** [[Cholecystokinin]] (CCK)
** [[Secretin]]
** [[Motilin]]
** [[Vasoactive intestinal peptide]] (VIP)
** [[Gastric inhibitory polypeptide]] (GIP)
** [[Enteroglucagon]]
* Lowers the rate of gastric emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine<ref name="Colorado"> </ref>
* Suppress the release of pancreatic hormones
** Inhibit the release of [[insulin]]<ref name="GP5417">{{GeorgiaPhysiology|5/5ch4/s5ch4_17}}</ref>
** Inhibit the release of [[glucagon]]<ref name="GP5417"> </ref>
* Suppress the exocrine secretory action of [[pancreas]].


==Synthetic substitutes==


'''[[Octreotide]]''' (brand name ''Sandostatin'', [[Novartis|Novartis Pharmaceuticals]]) is an [[peptide|octopeptide]] that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though is a more potent inhibitor of [[growth hormone]], [[glucagon]], and [[insulin]] than the natural hormone.


==References==


{{reflist|2}}


{{Hormones}}
<!--Category-->
{{Gastrointestinal physiology}}
{{Neuropeptides}}
{{Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones and analogues}}


[[Category:Antidiarrhoeals]]
[[Category:Drug]]
[[Category:Hormonal agents]]
[[Category:Endocrine system]]
[[Category:Pancreatic hormones]]
[[Category:Hormones of the hypothalamus]]
[[Category:Somatotropic axis]]
[[Category:Neuropeptides]]
[[Category:Neuroendocrinology]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]

Revision as of 19:14, 19 December 2014

Somatostatin
Black Box Warning
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];

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Black Box Warning

ConditionName:
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
ConditionName:
  • Content

Overview

Somatostatin is a that is FDA approved for the of . There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include .

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Condition1
  • Dosing Information
  • Dosage
Condition2
  • Dosing Information
  • Dosage
Condition3
  • Dosing Information
  • Dosage
Condition4
  • Dosing Information
  • Dosage

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

Condition1
  • Developed by:
  • Class of Recommendation:
  • Strength of Evidence:
  • Dosing Information
  • Dosage
Condition2

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Somatostatin in adult patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

Condition1
  • Dosing Information
  • Dosage
Condition2

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Somatostatin in adult patients.

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

Condition1
  • Dosing Information
  • Dosage
Condition2

There is limited information regarding FDA-Labeled Use of Somatostatin in pediatric patients.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

Condition1
  • Developed by:
  • Class of Recommendation:
  • Strength of Evidence:
  • Dosing Information
  • Dosage
Condition2

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Somatostatin in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

Condition1
  • Dosing Information
  • Dosage
Condition2

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Somatostatin in pediatric patients.

Contraindications

  • Condition1

Warnings

ConditionName:
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
ConditionName:
  • Content
  • Description

Precautions

  • Description

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

There is limited information regarding Clinical Trial Experience of Somatostatin in the drug label.

Body as a Whole
Cardiovascular
Digestive
Endocrine
Hematologic and Lymphatic
Metabolic and Nutritional
Musculoskeletal
Neurologic
Respiratory
Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions
Special Senses
Urogenital
Miscellaneous

Postmarketing Experience

There is limited information regarding Postmarketing Experience of Somatostatin in the drug label.

Body as a Whole
Cardiovascular
Digestive
Endocrine
Hematologic and Lymphatic
Metabolic and Nutritional
Musculoskeletal
Neurologic
Respiratory
Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions
Special Senses
Urogenital
Miscellaneous

Drug Interactions

  • Drug
  • Description

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA):

  • Pregnancy Category


Pregnancy Category (AUS):

  • Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category

There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Somatostatin in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Somatostatin during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Somatostatin with respect to nursing mothers.

Pediatric Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Somatostatin with respect to pediatric patients.

Geriatic Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Somatostatin with respect to geriatric patients.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Somatostatin with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Somatostatin with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Somatostatin in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Somatostatin in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Somatostatin in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Somatostatin in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

  • Oral
  • Intravenous

Monitoring

There is limited information regarding Monitoring of Somatostatin in the drug label.

  • Description

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Somatostatin in the drug label.

Overdosage

Acute Overdose

Signs and Symptoms

  • Description

Management

  • Description

Chronic Overdose

There is limited information regarding Chronic Overdose of Somatostatin in the drug label.

Pharmacology

There is limited information regarding Somatostatin Pharmacology in the drug label.

Mechanism of Action

Structure

File:Somatostatin01.png
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

Pharmacodynamics

There is limited information regarding Pharmacodynamics of Somatostatin in the drug label.

Pharmacokinetics

There is limited information regarding Pharmacokinetics of Somatostatin in the drug label.

Nonclinical Toxicology

There is limited information regarding Nonclinical Toxicology of Somatostatin in the drug label.

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Clinical Studies of Somatostatin in the drug label.

How Supplied

Storage

There is limited information regarding Somatostatin Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

{{#ask: Page Name::Somatostatin |?Pill Name |?Drug Name |?Pill Ingred |?Pill Imprint |?Pill Dosage |?Pill Color |?Pill Shape |?Pill Size (mm) |?Pill Scoring |?NDC |?Drug Author |format=template |template=DrugPageImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Pill Name }}

Package and Label Display Panel

{{#ask: Label Page::Somatostatin |?Label Name |format=template |template=DrugLabelImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Label Page }}

Patient Counseling Information

There is limited information regarding Patient Counseling Information of Somatostatin in the drug label.

Precautions with Alcohol

  • Alcohol-Somatostatin interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

Look-Alike Drug Names

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

  1. Empty citation (help)
  2. "http://www.ismp.org". External link in |title= (help)

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