Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome surgery

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Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome Microchapters

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D [2]

Overview

Surgical treatment of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome is reserved for patients who do not respond to supportive treatment or defibrotide. The surgical options include transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) and liver transplantation.

Surgery

The sinusoidal obstruction syndrome patients who don't respond to supportive care or defibrotide can undergo TIPS or liver transplantation.[1][2]

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting


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Liver Transplantation

Patient evaluation prior to transplantation

Pre-transplant patient evaluation has the following objectives:

Pre-transplant evaluation is particularly aggressive in patients prior to transplantation to minimize post operative morbidity and mortality due to effects of surgery and immunosuppressive therapy.The following evaluations are required:

Laboratory investigations

Laboratory investigations essential for patient evaluation prior to liver transplantation are as follows:

General investigations

Cause specific investigations

Cardiopulmonary evaluation

Cardiopulmonary evaluation helps in the evaluation of the patient for pathologies that need to be ruled out prior to transplantation:[4][5]

Cancer screening

Prior to transplantation, screening for the following carcinomas is recommended:

Upper GI endoscopy

Bone densitometry

Vaccinations and evaluation for infection

Psychosocial evaluation and education

Techniques

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Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

Immunosuppressive management

Results

Living donor transplantation

  • Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has emerged in recent decades as a critical surgical option for patients with end stage liver disease, such as cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma often attributable to one or more of the following:[20][33][34]
  • The concept of LDLT is based on:
    • Remarkable regenerative capacities of the human liver
    • Widespread shortage of cadaveric livers for patients awaiting transplant
  • In LDLT, a piece of healthy liver is surgically removed from a living person and transplanted into a recipient, immediately after the diseased liver of the recipient has been entirely removed
  • Historically, LDLT was used as a means for parents of children with severe liver disease to donate a portion of their healthy liver to replace the damaged liver of their children
  • In 1986, the first successful LDLT was performed at the Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Medical School, by Dr. Silvano Raia.
  • More technically demanding than standard, cadaveric donor liver transplantation
  • Has faced several ethical problems[35]

Complications of Liver Transplantation

    • Laboratory investigations

Imaging studies

Acute and chronic graft rejection

Acute graft rejection:[36]

Chronic graft rejection:

Infection

Infections may be classified based on the duration post transplantation.

  • After the first 6 months, risk of infection in transplant patients is equal to that of the population

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

  • Most common viral infection (affects 25-85% patients)
  • Occurrence: Between posttransplant months 1 and 3
  • Infection may be:
    • Primary
    • Reactivated

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)

Other less common organisms causing infection include:

References

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  2. Azoulay D, Castaing D, Lemoine A, Hargreaves GM, Bismuth H (2000). "Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for severe veno-occlusive disease of the liver following bone marrow transplantation". Bone Marrow Transplant. 25 (9): 987–92. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1702386. PMID 10800068.
  3. Lahat E, Lim C, Bhangui P, Fuentes L, Osseis M, Moussallem T, Salloum C, Azoulay D (2017). "Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt as a bridge to non-hepatic surgery in cirrhotic patients with severe portal hypertension: a systematic review". HPB (Oxford). doi:10.1016/j.hpb.2017.09.006. PMID 29110990.
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