Short stature resident survival guide

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eman Alademi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Causes

Common Causes

Systemic disorders with secondary effects on growth[1][2][3]: Undernutrition [4], Glucocorticoid therapy[5][6][7][8][9][10], Gastrointestinal disease[11][12][13][14], Rheumatologic disease[15] [16][17], Chronic kidney disease[18], Cancer[19][20], Pulmonary disease,Cardiac disease, Immunologic disease, Metabolic diseases, Endocrine causes of growth failure, Cushing syndrome, Hypothyroidism, Growth hormone deficiency

Diagnosis

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of [[disease name]] according the the [...] guidelines.

 
 
 
Diagnosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Treatment

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of [[disease name]] according the the [...] guidelines.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Treatment
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Do's

  • The content in this section is in bullet points.

Don'ts

  • The content in this section is in bullet points.

References

  1. Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Monuteaux MC, Faraone SV (2010). "A naturalistic 10-year prospective study of height and weight in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder grown up: sex and treatment effects". J Pediatr. 157 (4): 635–40, 640.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.04.025. PMC 2943875. PMID 20605163.
  2. Swanson JM, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Wigal T, Arnold LE, Vitiello B; et al. (2007). "Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 46 (8): 1015–1027. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3180686d7e. PMID 17667480.
  3. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Morley CP, Spencer TJ (2008). "Effect of stimulants on height and weight: a review of the literature". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 47 (9): 994–1009. doi:10.1097/CHI.ObO13e31817eOea7. PMID 18580502.
  4. Lifshitz F, Moses N (1988). "Nutritional dwarfing: growth, dieting, and fear of obesity". J Am Coll Nutr. 7 (5): 367–76. doi:10.1080/07315724.1988.10720254. PMID 3053861.
  5. Lai HC, FitzSimmons SC, Allen DB, Kosorok MR, Rosenstein BJ, Campbell PW; et al. (2000). "Risk of persistent growth impairment after alternate-day prednisone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis". N Engl J Med. 342 (12): 851–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003233421204. PMID 10727589.
  6. Doull IJ, Freezer NJ, Holgate ST (1995). "Growth of prepubertal children with mild asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 151 (6): 1715–9. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767512. PMID 7767512.
  7. Wolthers OD, Pedersen S (1991). "Growth of asthmatic children during treatment with budesonide: a double blind trial". BMJ. 303 (6795): 163–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.303.6795.163. PMC 1670402. PMID 1878641.
  8. Punthakee Z, Legault L, Polychronakos C (2003). "Prednisolone in the treatment of adrenal insufficiency: a re-evaluation of relative potency". J Pediatr. 143 (3): 402–5. doi:10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00294-4. PMID 14517528.
  9. Allen DB, Julius JR, Breen TJ, Attie KM (1998). "Treatment of glucocorticoid-induced growth suppression with growth hormone. National Cooperative Growth Study". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83 (8): 2824–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.83.8.5036. PMID 9709954.
  10. Allen DB (1996). "Growth suppression by glucocorticoid therapy". Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 25 (3): 699–717. doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70348-0. PMID 8879994.
  11. Hernández M, Argente J, Navarro A, Caballo N, Barrios V, Hervás F; et al. (1992). "Growth in malnutrition related to gastrointestinal diseases: coeliac disease". Horm Res. 38 Suppl 1: 79–84. doi:10.1159/000182576. PMID 1284243.
  12. Vasseur F, Gower-Rousseau C, Vernier-Massouille G, Dupas JL, Merle V, Merlin B; et al. (2010). "Nutritional status and growth in pediatric Crohn's disease: a population-based study". Am J Gastroenterol. 105 (8): 1893–900. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.20. PMID 20145606.
  13. Sawczenko A, Sandhu BK (2003). "Presenting features of inflammatory bowel disease in Great Britain and Ireland". Arch Dis Child. 88 (11): 995–1000. doi:10.1136/adc.88.11.995. PMC 1719349. PMID 14612366.
  14. Sanderson IR (2014). "Growth problems in children with IBD". Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 11 (10): 601–10. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.102. PMID 24957008.
  15. Bechtold S, Roth J (2009). "Natural history of growth and body composition in juvenile idiopathic arthritis". Horm Res. 72 Suppl 1: 13–9. doi:10.1159/000229758. PMID 19940490.
  16. Polito C, Strano CG, Olivieri AN, Alessio M, Iammarrone CS, Todisco N; et al. (1997). "Growth retardation in non-steroid treated juvenile rheumatoid arthritis". Scand J Rheumatol. 26 (2): 99–103. doi:10.3109/03009749709115826. PMID 9137323.
  17. de Zegher F, Reynaert N, De Somer L, Wouters C, Roelants M (2018). "Growth Failure in Children with Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Prolonged Inflammation despite Treatment with Biologicals: Late Normalization of Height by Combined Hormonal Therapies". Horm Res Paediatr. 90 (5): 337–343. doi:10.1159/000489778. PMID 29940586.
  18. McSherry E, Morris RC (1978). "Attainment and maintenance of normal stature with alkali therapy in infants and children with classic renal tubular acidosis". J Clin Invest. 61 (2): 509–27. doi:10.1172/JCI108962. PMC 372562. PMID 621287.
  19. Nandagopal R, Laverdière C, Mulrooney D, Hudson MM, Meacham L (2008). "Endocrine late effects of childhood cancer therapy: a report from the Children's Oncology Group". Horm Res. 69 (2): 65–74. doi:10.1159/000111809. PMID 18059086.
  20. Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Morris-Jones PH, Price DA (1988). "Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia". Lancet. 1 (8583): 460–2. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91246-9. PMID 2893877.


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