Short stature resident survival guide: Difference between revisions

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[[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid18059086">{{cite journal| author=Nandagopal R, Laverdière C, Mulrooney D, Hudson MM, Meacham L| title=Endocrine late effects of childhood cancer therapy: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. | journal=Horm Res | year= 2008 | volume= 69 | issue= 2 | pages= 65-74 | pmid=18059086 | doi=10.1159/000111809 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18059086  }}</ref><ref name="pmid2893877">{{cite journal| author=Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Morris-Jones PH, Price DA| title=Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. | journal=Lancet | year= 1988 | volume= 1 | issue= 8583 | pages= 460-2 | pmid=2893877 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91246-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2893877  }}</ref>,   
[[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid18059086">{{cite journal| author=Nandagopal R, Laverdière C, Mulrooney D, Hudson MM, Meacham L| title=Endocrine late effects of childhood cancer therapy: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. | journal=Horm Res | year= 2008 | volume= 69 | issue= 2 | pages= 65-74 | pmid=18059086 | doi=10.1159/000111809 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18059086  }}</ref><ref name="pmid2893877">{{cite journal| author=Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Morris-Jones PH, Price DA| title=Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. | journal=Lancet | year= 1988 | volume= 1 | issue= 8583 | pages= 460-2 | pmid=2893877 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91246-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2893877  }}</ref>,   


[[Pulmonary disease|Pulmonary disease,]]  
[[Pulmonary disease|Pulmonary disease]]<ref name="pmid1872173">{{cite journal| author=Karlberg J, Kjellmer I, Kristiansson B| title=Linear growth in children with cystic fibrosis. I. Birth to 8 years of age. | journal=Acta Paediatr Scand | year= 1991 | volume= 80 | issue= 5 | pages= 508-14 | pmid=1872173 | doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11894.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1872173  }}</ref>[[Pulmonary disease|,]]  


[[Cardiac disease]],   
[[Cardiac disease]]<ref name="pmid1623850">{{cite journal| author=Thommessen M, Heiberg A, Kase BF| title=Feeding problems in children with congenital heart disease: the impact on energy intake and growth outcome. | journal=Eur J Clin Nutr | year= 1992 | volume= 46 | issue= 7 | pages= 457-64 | pmid=1623850 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1623850  }}</ref>,   


[[Immunological|Immunologic]] disease,   
[[Immunological|Immunologic]] disease<ref name="pmid8410511">{{cite journal| author=McKinney RE, Robertson JW| title=Effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the growth of young children. Duke Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Unit. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1993 | volume= 123 | issue= 4 | pages= 579-82 | pmid=8410511 | doi=10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80955-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8410511  }}</ref>,   


[[Metabolic diseases]],  
[[Metabolic diseases]]<ref name="pmid22244464">{{cite journal| author=Bonfig W, Kapellen T, Dost A, Fritsch M, Rohrer T, Wolf J | display-authors=etal| title=Growth in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2012 | volume= 160 | issue= 6 | pages= 900-3.e2 | pmid=22244464 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22244464  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1719338">{{cite journal| author=Mauras N, Merimee T, Rogol AD| title=Function of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I axis in the profoundly growth-retarded diabetic child: evidence for defective target organ responsiveness in the Mauriac syndrome. | journal=Metabolism | year= 1991 | volume= 40 | issue= 10 | pages= 1106-11 | pmid=1719338 | doi=10.1016/0026-0495(91)90138-m | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1719338  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8299467">{{cite journal| author=Clarke WL, Vance ML, Rogol AD| title=Growth and the child with diabetes mellitus. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 1993 | volume= 16 Suppl 3 | issue=  | pages= 101-6 | pmid=8299467 | doi=10.2337/diacare.16.3.101 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8299467  }}</ref>,  


[[Endocrine]] causes of [[growth failure]], [[Cushing syndrome]], [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Growth hormone deficiency]]
[[Endocrine]] causes<ref name="pmid7538145">{{cite journal| author=Rosenfeld RG, Albertsson-Wikland K, Cassorla F, Frasier SD, Hasegawa Y, Hintz RL | display-authors=etal| title=Diagnostic controversy: the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency revisited. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1995 | volume= 80 | issue= 5 | pages= 1532-40 | pmid=7538145 | doi=10.1210/jcem.80.5.7538145 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7538145  }}</ref> of [[growth failure]],  


[[Genetic diseases]] with primary effects on growth, [[Turner syndrome]], [[short stature homeobox gene]] (SHOX gene) variants, [[Prader-Willi syndrome]], [[Noonan syndrome]], [[Silver-Russell Syndrome|Silver-Russell syndrome]] ,  
1[[Cushing syndrome]],<ref name="pmid8052272">{{cite journal| author=Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Oldfield EH, Gomez MT, Doppman JL, Cutler GB | display-authors=etal| title=Cushing's syndrome in children and adolescents. Presentation, diagnosis, and therapy. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1994 | volume= 331 | issue= 10 | pages= 629-36 | pmid=8052272 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199409083311002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8052272  }}</ref> <ref name="pmid16302612">{{cite journal| author=Kanter AS, Diallo AO, Jane JA, Sheehan JP, Asthagiri AR, Oskouian RJ | display-authors=etal| title=Single-center experience with pediatric Cushing's disease. | journal=J Neurosurg | year= 2005 | volume= 103 | issue= 5 Suppl | pages= 413-20 | pmid=16302612 | doi=10.3171/ped.2005.103.5.0413 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16302612  }}</ref><ref name="pmid16094156">{{cite journal| author=Joshi SM, Hewitt RJ, Storr HL, Rezajooi K, Ellamushi H, Grossman AB | display-authors=etal| title=Cushing's disease in children and adolescents: 20 years of experience in a single neurosurgical center. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 2005 | volume= 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 281-5; discussion 281-5 | pmid=16094156 | doi=10.1227/01.neu.0000166580.94215.53 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16094156  }}</ref>
 
[[Hypothyroidism|2Hypothyroidism]],
 
Sexual precocity<ref name="pmidPMID 11343032">{{cite journal| author=Rogol AD| title=Early menarche and adult height: reprise of the hare and the tortoise? | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2001 | volume= 138 | issue= 5 | pages= 617-8 | pmid=PMID 11343032 | doi=10.1067/mpd.2001.114697 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11343032  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11343036">{{cite journal| author=Biro FM, McMahon RP, Striegel-Moore R, Crawford PB, Obarzanek E, Morrison JA | display-authors=etal| title=Impact of timing of pubertal maturation on growth in black and white female adolescents: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2001 | volume= 138 | issue= 5 | pages= 636-43 | pmid=11343036 | doi=10.1067/mpd.2001.114476 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11343036  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9093289">{{cite journal| author=Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, Bourdony CJ, Bhapkar MV, Koch GG | display-authors=etal| title=Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: a study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1997 | volume= 99 | issue= 4 | pages= 505-12 | pmid=9093289 | doi=10.1542/peds.99.4.505 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9093289  }}</ref>
 
3[[Growth hormone deficiency]]<ref name="pmid75381452">{{cite journal| author=Rosenfeld RG, Albertsson-Wikland K, Cassorla F, Frasier SD, Hasegawa Y, Hintz RL | display-authors=etal| title=Diagnostic controversy: the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency revisited. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1995 | volume= 80 | issue= 5 | pages= 1532-40 | pmid=7538145 | doi=10.1210/jcem.80.5.7538145 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7538145  }}</ref>
 
[[Genetic diseases]] with primary effects on growth<ref name="pmid2205623">{{cite journal| author=Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM| title=Clinical review 14: Pathophysiology and treatment of sexual precocity. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1990 | volume= 71 | issue= 4 | pages= 785-9 | pmid=2205623 | doi=10.1210/jcem-71-4-785 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2205623  }}</ref>, [[Turner syndrome]], [[short stature homeobox gene]] (SHOX gene) variants<ref name="pmid17047016">{{cite journal| author=Blum WF, Crowe BJ, Quigley CA, Jung H, Cao D, Ross JL | display-authors=etal| title=Growth hormone is effective in treatment of short stature associated with short stature homeobox-containing gene deficiency: Two-year results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2007 | volume= 92 | issue= 1 | pages= 219-28 | pmid=17047016 | doi=10.1210/jc.2006-1409 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17047016  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10634394">{{cite journal| author=Binder G, Schwarze CP, Ranke MB| title=Identification of short stature caused by SHOX defects and therapeutic effect of recombinant human growth hormone. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2000 | volume= 85 | issue= 1 | pages= 245-9 | pmid=10634394 | doi=10.1210/jcem.85.1.6375 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10634394  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14513875">{{cite journal| author=Munns CF, Glass IA, Flanagan S, Hayes M, Williams B, Berry M | display-authors=etal| title=Familial growth and skeletal features associated with SHOX haploinsufficiency. | journal=J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab | year= 2003 | volume= 16 | issue= 7 | pages= 987-96 | pmid=14513875 | doi=10.1515/jpem.2003.16.7.987 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14513875  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14513876">{{cite journal| author=Munns CF, Berry M, Vickers D, Rappold GA, Hyland VJ, Glass IA | display-authors=etal| title=Effect of 24 months of recombinant growth hormone on height and body proportions in SHOX haploinsufficiency. | journal=J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab | year= 2003 | volume= 16 | issue= 7 | pages= 997-1004 | pmid=14513876 | doi=10.1515/jpem.2003.16.7.997 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14513876  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9259282">{{cite journal| author=Ellison JW, Wardak Z, Young MF, Gehron Robey P, Laig-Webster M, Chiong W| title=PHOG, a candidate gene for involvement in the short stature of Turner syndrome. | journal=Hum Mol Genet | year= 1997 | volume= 6 | issue= 8 | pages= 1341-7 | pmid=9259282 | doi=10.1093/hmg/6.8.1341 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9259282  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10626546">{{cite journal| author=Cormier-Daire V, Belin V, Cusin V, Viot G, Girlich D, Toutain A | display-authors=etal| title=SHOX gene mutations and deletions in dyschondrosteosis or Leri-Weill syndrome. | journal=Acta Paediatr Suppl | year= 1999 | volume= 88 | issue= 433 | pages= 55-9 | pmid=10626546 | doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14404.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10626546  }}</ref><ref name="pmid19717006">{{cite journal| author=Franklin SL, Geffner ME| title=Growth hormone: the expansion of available products and indications. | journal=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am | year= 2009 | volume= 38 | issue= 3 | pages= 587-611 | pmid=19717006 | doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2009.06.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19717006  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15356038">{{cite journal| author=Binder G, Renz A, Martinez A, Keselman A, Hesse V, Riedl SW | display-authors=etal| title=SHOX haploinsufficiency and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis: prevalence and growth failure in relation to mutation, sex, and degree of wrist deformity. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2004 | volume= 89 | issue= 9 | pages= 4403-8 | pmid=15356038 | doi=10.1210/jc.2004-0591 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15356038  }}</ref><ref name="pmid17182655">{{cite journal| author=Rappold G, Blum WF, Shavrikova EP, Crowe BJ, Roeth R, Quigley CA | display-authors=etal| title=Genotypes and phenotypes in children with short stature: clinical indicators of SHOX haploinsufficiency. | journal=J Med Genet | year= 2007 | volume= 44 | issue= 5 | pages= 306-13 | pmid=17182655 | doi=10.1136/jmg.2006.046581 | pmc=2597980 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17182655  }}</ref>, [[Prader-Willi syndrome]], [[Noonan syndrome]], [[Silver-Russell Syndrome|Silver-Russell syndrome]] ,  


[[Skeletal dysplasia]]<nowiki/>s/[[growth plate]] abnormalities,
[[Skeletal dysplasia]]<nowiki/>s/[[growth plate]] abnormalities,

Revision as of 07:12, 2 March 2021


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eman Alademi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Causes

Common Causes

Systemic disorders with secondary effects on growth[1][2][3]:

Undernutrition [4],

Glucocorticoid therapy[5][6][7][8][9][10],

Gastrointestinal disease[11][12][13][14],

Rheumatologic disease[15] [16][17],

Chronic kidney disease[18],

Cancer[19][20],

Pulmonary disease[21],

Cardiac disease[22],

Immunologic disease[23],

Metabolic diseases[24][25][26],

Endocrine causes[27] of growth failure,

1Cushing syndrome,[28] [29][30]

2Hypothyroidism,

Sexual precocity[31][32][33]

3Growth hormone deficiency[34]

Genetic diseases with primary effects on growth[35], Turner syndrome, short stature homeobox gene (SHOX gene) variants[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44], Prader-Willi syndrome, Noonan syndrome, Silver-Russell syndrome ,

Skeletal dysplasias/growth plate abnormalities,

pathologic short stature

Diagnosis

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of [[disease name]] according the the [...] guidelines.

 
 
 
Diagnosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Treatment

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of [[disease name]] according the the [...] guidelines.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Treatment
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Do's

  • The content in this section is in bullet points.

Don'ts

  • The content in this section is in bullet points.

References

  1. ↑ Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Monuteaux MC, Faraone SV (2010). "A naturalistic 10-year prospective study of height and weight in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder grown up: sex and treatment effects". J Pediatr. 157 (4): 635–40, 640.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.04.025. PMC 2943875. PMID 20605163.
  2. ↑ Swanson JM, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Wigal T, Arnold LE, Vitiello B; et al. (2007). "Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 46 (8): 1015–1027. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3180686d7e. PMID 17667480.
  3. ↑ Faraone SV, Biederman J, Morley CP, Spencer TJ (2008). "Effect of stimulants on height and weight: a review of the literature". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 47 (9): 994–1009. doi:10.1097/CHI.ObO13e31817eOea7. PMID 18580502.
  4. ↑ Lifshitz F, Moses N (1988). "Nutritional dwarfing: growth, dieting, and fear of obesity". J Am Coll Nutr. 7 (5): 367–76. doi:10.1080/07315724.1988.10720254. PMID 3053861.
  5. ↑ Lai HC, FitzSimmons SC, Allen DB, Kosorok MR, Rosenstein BJ, Campbell PW; et al. (2000). "Risk of persistent growth impairment after alternate-day prednisone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis". N Engl J Med. 342 (12): 851–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003233421204. PMID 10727589.
  6. ↑ Doull IJ, Freezer NJ, Holgate ST (1995). "Growth of prepubertal children with mild asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 151 (6): 1715–9. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767512. PMID 7767512.
  7. ↑ Wolthers OD, Pedersen S (1991). "Growth of asthmatic children during treatment with budesonide: a double blind trial". BMJ. 303 (6795): 163–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.303.6795.163. PMC 1670402. PMID 1878641.
  8. ↑ Punthakee Z, Legault L, Polychronakos C (2003). "Prednisolone in the treatment of adrenal insufficiency: a re-evaluation of relative potency". J Pediatr. 143 (3): 402–5. doi:10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00294-4. PMID 14517528.
  9. ↑ Allen DB, Julius JR, Breen TJ, Attie KM (1998). "Treatment of glucocorticoid-induced growth suppression with growth hormone. National Cooperative Growth Study". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83 (8): 2824–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.83.8.5036. PMID 9709954.
  10. ↑ Allen DB (1996). "Growth suppression by glucocorticoid therapy". Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 25 (3): 699–717. doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70348-0. PMID 8879994.
  11. ↑ Hernández M, Argente J, Navarro A, Caballo N, Barrios V, Hervás F; et al. (1992). "Growth in malnutrition related to gastrointestinal diseases: coeliac disease". Horm Res. 38 Suppl 1: 79–84. doi:10.1159/000182576. PMID 1284243.
  12. ↑ Vasseur F, Gower-Rousseau C, Vernier-Massouille G, Dupas JL, Merle V, Merlin B; et al. (2010). "Nutritional status and growth in pediatric Crohn's disease: a population-based study". Am J Gastroenterol. 105 (8): 1893–900. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.20. PMID 20145606.
  13. ↑ Sawczenko A, Sandhu BK (2003). "Presenting features of inflammatory bowel disease in Great Britain and Ireland". Arch Dis Child. 88 (11): 995–1000. doi:10.1136/adc.88.11.995. PMC 1719349. PMID 14612366.
  14. ↑ Sanderson IR (2014). "Growth problems in children with IBD". Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 11 (10): 601–10. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.102. PMID 24957008.
  15. ↑ Bechtold S, Roth J (2009). "Natural history of growth and body composition in juvenile idiopathic arthritis". Horm Res. 72 Suppl 1: 13–9. doi:10.1159/000229758. PMID 19940490.
  16. ↑ Polito C, Strano CG, Olivieri AN, Alessio M, Iammarrone CS, Todisco N; et al. (1997). "Growth retardation in non-steroid treated juvenile rheumatoid arthritis". Scand J Rheumatol. 26 (2): 99–103. doi:10.3109/03009749709115826. PMID 9137323.
  17. ↑ de Zegher F, Reynaert N, De Somer L, Wouters C, Roelants M (2018). "Growth Failure in Children with Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Prolonged Inflammation despite Treatment with Biologicals: Late Normalization of Height by Combined Hormonal Therapies". Horm Res Paediatr. 90 (5): 337–343. doi:10.1159/000489778. PMID 29940586.
  18. ↑ McSherry E, Morris RC (1978). "Attainment and maintenance of normal stature with alkali therapy in infants and children with classic renal tubular acidosis". J Clin Invest. 61 (2): 509–27. doi:10.1172/JCI108962. PMC 372562. PMID 621287.
  19. ↑ Nandagopal R, Laverdière C, Mulrooney D, Hudson MM, Meacham L (2008). "Endocrine late effects of childhood cancer therapy: a report from the Children's Oncology Group". Horm Res. 69 (2): 65–74. doi:10.1159/000111809. PMID 18059086.
  20. ↑ Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Morris-Jones PH, Price DA (1988). "Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia". Lancet. 1 (8583): 460–2. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91246-9. PMID 2893877.
  21. ↑ Karlberg J, Kjellmer I, Kristiansson B (1991). "Linear growth in children with cystic fibrosis. I. Birth to 8 years of age". Acta Paediatr Scand. 80 (5): 508–14. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11894.x. PMID 1872173.
  22. ↑ Thommessen M, Heiberg A, Kase BF (1992). "Feeding problems in children with congenital heart disease: the impact on energy intake and growth outcome". Eur J Clin Nutr. 46 (7): 457–64. PMID 1623850.
  23. ↑ McKinney RE, Robertson JW (1993). "Effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the growth of young children. Duke Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Unit". J Pediatr. 123 (4): 579–82. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80955-2. PMID 8410511.
  24. ↑ Bonfig W, Kapellen T, Dost A, Fritsch M, Rohrer T, Wolf J; et al. (2012). "Growth in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes". J Pediatr. 160 (6): 900–3.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.007. PMID 22244464.
  25. ↑ Mauras N, Merimee T, Rogol AD (1991). "Function of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I axis in the profoundly growth-retarded diabetic child: evidence for defective target organ responsiveness in the Mauriac syndrome". Metabolism. 40 (10): 1106–11. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(91)90138-m. PMID 1719338.
  26. ↑ Clarke WL, Vance ML, Rogol AD (1993). "Growth and the child with diabetes mellitus". Diabetes Care. 16 Suppl 3: 101–6. doi:10.2337/diacare.16.3.101. PMID 8299467.
  27. ↑ Rosenfeld RG, Albertsson-Wikland K, Cassorla F, Frasier SD, Hasegawa Y, Hintz RL; et al. (1995). "Diagnostic controversy: the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency revisited". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 80 (5): 1532–40. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.5.7538145. PMID 7538145.
  28. ↑ Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Oldfield EH, Gomez MT, Doppman JL, Cutler GB; et al. (1994). "Cushing's syndrome in children and adolescents. Presentation, diagnosis, and therapy". N Engl J Med. 331 (10): 629–36. doi:10.1056/NEJM199409083311002. PMID 8052272.
  29. ↑ Kanter AS, Diallo AO, Jane JA, Sheehan JP, Asthagiri AR, Oskouian RJ; et al. (2005). "Single-center experience with pediatric Cushing's disease". J Neurosurg. 103 (5 Suppl): 413–20. doi:10.3171/ped.2005.103.5.0413. PMID 16302612.
  30. ↑ Joshi SM, Hewitt RJ, Storr HL, Rezajooi K, Ellamushi H, Grossman AB; et al. (2005). "Cushing's disease in children and adolescents: 20 years of experience in a single neurosurgical center". Neurosurgery. 57 (2): 281–5, discussion 281-5. doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000166580.94215.53. PMID 16094156.
  31. ↑ Rogol AD (2001). "Early menarche and adult height: reprise of the hare and the tortoise?". J Pediatr. 138 (5): 617–8. doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.114697. PMID 11343032 PMID 11343032 Check |pmid= value (help).
  32. ↑ Biro FM, McMahon RP, Striegel-Moore R, Crawford PB, Obarzanek E, Morrison JA; et al. (2001). "Impact of timing of pubertal maturation on growth in black and white female adolescents: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study". J Pediatr. 138 (5): 636–43. doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.114476. PMID 11343036.
  33. ↑ Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, Bourdony CJ, Bhapkar MV, Koch GG; et al. (1997). "Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: a study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network". Pediatrics. 99 (4): 505–12. doi:10.1542/peds.99.4.505. PMID 9093289.
  34. ↑ Rosenfeld RG, Albertsson-Wikland K, Cassorla F, Frasier SD, Hasegawa Y, Hintz RL; et al. (1995). "Diagnostic controversy: the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency revisited". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 80 (5): 1532–40. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.5.7538145. PMID 7538145.
  35. ↑ Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM (1990). "Clinical review 14: Pathophysiology and treatment of sexual precocity". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 71 (4): 785–9. doi:10.1210/jcem-71-4-785. PMID 2205623.
  36. ↑ Blum WF, Crowe BJ, Quigley CA, Jung H, Cao D, Ross JL; et al. (2007). "Growth hormone is effective in treatment of short stature associated with short stature homeobox-containing gene deficiency: Two-year results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 92 (1): 219–28. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1409. PMID 17047016.
  37. ↑ Binder G, Schwarze CP, Ranke MB (2000). "Identification of short stature caused by SHOX defects and therapeutic effect of recombinant human growth hormone". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85 (1): 245–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.1.6375. PMID 10634394.
  38. ↑ Munns CF, Glass IA, Flanagan S, Hayes M, Williams B, Berry M; et al. (2003). "Familial growth and skeletal features associated with SHOX haploinsufficiency". J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 16 (7): 987–96. doi:10.1515/jpem.2003.16.7.987. PMID 14513875.
  39. ↑ Munns CF, Berry M, Vickers D, Rappold GA, Hyland VJ, Glass IA; et al. (2003). "Effect of 24 months of recombinant growth hormone on height and body proportions in SHOX haploinsufficiency". J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 16 (7): 997–1004. doi:10.1515/jpem.2003.16.7.997. PMID 14513876.
  40. ↑ Ellison JW, Wardak Z, Young MF, Gehron Robey P, Laig-Webster M, Chiong W (1997). "PHOG, a candidate gene for involvement in the short stature of Turner syndrome". Hum Mol Genet. 6 (8): 1341–7. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.8.1341. PMID 9259282.
  41. ↑ Cormier-Daire V, Belin V, Cusin V, Viot G, Girlich D, Toutain A; et al. (1999). "SHOX gene mutations and deletions in dyschondrosteosis or Leri-Weill syndrome". Acta Paediatr Suppl. 88 (433): 55–9. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14404.x. PMID 10626546.
  42. ↑ Franklin SL, Geffner ME (2009). "Growth hormone: the expansion of available products and indications". Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 38 (3): 587–611. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2009.06.006. PMID 19717006.
  43. ↑ Binder G, Renz A, Martinez A, Keselman A, Hesse V, Riedl SW; et al. (2004). "SHOX haploinsufficiency and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis: prevalence and growth failure in relation to mutation, sex, and degree of wrist deformity". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 89 (9): 4403–8. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0591. PMID 15356038.
  44. ↑ Rappold G, Blum WF, Shavrikova EP, Crowe BJ, Roeth R, Quigley CA; et al. (2007). "Genotypes and phenotypes in children with short stature: clinical indicators of SHOX haploinsufficiency". J Med Genet. 44 (5): 306–13. doi:10.1136/jmg.2006.046581. PMC 2597980. PMID 17182655.


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