Short stature resident survival guide: Difference between revisions

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==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
Systemic disorders with secondary effects on growth<ref name="pmid176674802">{{cite journal| author=Swanson JM, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Wigal T, Arnold LE, Vitiello B | display-authors=etal| title=Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up. | journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | year= 2007 | volume= 46 | issue= 8 | pages= 1015-1027 | pmid=17667480 | doi=10.1097/chi.0b013e3180686d7e | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17667480  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18580502">{{cite journal| author=Faraone SV, Biederman J, Morley CP, Spencer TJ| title=Effect of stimulants on height and weight: a review of the literature. | journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | year= 2008 | volume= 47 | issue= 9 | pages= 994-1009 | pmid=18580502 | doi=10.1097/CHI.ObO13e31817eOea7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18580502  }}</ref>
Systemic disorders with secondary effects on growth<ref name="pmid20605163">{{cite journal| author=Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Monuteaux MC, Faraone SV| title=A naturalistic 10-year prospective study of height and weight in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder grown up: sex and treatment effects. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2010 | volume= 157 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-40, 640.e1 | pmid=20605163 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.04.025 | pmc=2943875 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20605163  }}</ref><ref name="pmid176674802">{{cite journal| author=Swanson JM, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Wigal T, Arnold LE, Vitiello B | display-authors=etal| title=Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up. | journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | year= 2007 | volume= 46 | issue= 8 | pages= 1015-1027 | pmid=17667480 | doi=10.1097/chi.0b013e3180686d7e | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17667480  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18580502">{{cite journal| author=Faraone SV, Biederman J, Morley CP, Spencer TJ| title=Effect of stimulants on height and weight: a review of the literature. | journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | year= 2008 | volume= 47 | issue= 9 | pages= 994-1009 | pmid=18580502 | doi=10.1097/CHI.ObO13e31817eOea7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18580502  }}</ref>: Undernutrition <ref name="pmid3053861">{{cite journal| author=Lifshitz F, Moses N| title=Nutritional dwarfing: growth, dieting, and fear of obesity. | journal=J Am Coll Nutr | year= 1988 | volume= 7 | issue= 5 | pages= 367-76 | pmid=3053861 | doi=10.1080/07315724.1988.10720254 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3053861  }}</ref>, [[Glucocorticoid]] therapy<ref name="pmid10727589">{{cite journal| author=Lai HC, FitzSimmons SC, Allen DB, Kosorok MR, Rosenstein BJ, Campbell PW | display-authors=etal| title=Risk of persistent growth impairment after alternate-day prednisone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2000 | volume= 342 | issue= 12 | pages= 851-9 | pmid=10727589 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200003233421204 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10727589  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7767512">{{cite journal| author=Doull IJ, Freezer NJ, Holgate ST| title=Growth of prepubertal children with mild asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 1995 | volume= 151 | issue= 6 | pages= 1715-9 | pmid=7767512 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767512 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7767512  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1878641">{{cite journal| author=Wolthers OD, Pedersen S| title=Growth of asthmatic children during treatment with budesonide: a double blind trial. | journal=BMJ | year= 1991 | volume= 303 | issue= 6795 | pages= 163-5 | pmid=1878641 | doi=10.1136/bmj.303.6795.163 | pmc=1670402 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1878641  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14517528">{{cite journal| author=Punthakee Z, Legault L, Polychronakos C| title=Prednisolone in the treatment of adrenal insufficiency: a re-evaluation of relative potency. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2003 | volume= 143 | issue= 3 | pages= 402-5 | pmid=14517528 | doi=10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00294-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14517528  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9709954">{{cite journal| author=Allen DB, Julius JR, Breen TJ, Attie KM| title=Treatment of glucocorticoid-induced growth suppression with growth hormone. National Cooperative Growth Study. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1998 | volume= 83 | issue= 8 | pages= 2824-9 | pmid=9709954 | doi=10.1210/jcem.83.8.5036 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9709954  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8879994">{{cite journal| author=Allen DB| title=Growth suppression by glucocorticoid therapy. | journal=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am | year= 1996 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 699-717 | pmid=8879994 | doi=10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70348-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8879994  }}</ref>, [[Gastrointestinal]] disease<ref name="pmid1284243">{{cite journal| author=Hernández M, Argente J, Navarro A, Caballo N, Barrios V, Hervás F | display-authors=etal| title=Growth in malnutrition related to gastrointestinal diseases: coeliac disease. | journal=Horm Res | year= 1992 | volume= 38 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= 79-84 | pmid=1284243 | doi=10.1159/000182576 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1284243  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20145606">{{cite journal| author=Vasseur F, Gower-Rousseau C, Vernier-Massouille G, Dupas JL, Merle V, Merlin B | display-authors=etal| title=Nutritional status and growth in pediatric Crohn's disease: a population-based study. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 2010 | volume= 105 | issue= 8 | pages= 1893-900 | pmid=20145606 | doi=10.1038/ajg.2010.20 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20145606  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14612366">{{cite journal| author=Sawczenko A, Sandhu BK| title=Presenting features of inflammatory bowel disease in Great Britain and Ireland. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2003 | volume= 88 | issue= 11 | pages= 995-1000 | pmid=14612366 | doi=10.1136/adc.88.11.995 | pmc=1719349 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14612366  }}</ref><ref name="pmid24957008">{{cite journal| author=Sanderson IR| title=Growth problems in children with IBD. | journal=Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2014 | volume= 11 | issue= 10 | pages= 601-10 | pmid=24957008 | doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2014.102 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24957008  }}</ref>, [[Rheumatologic disease]]<ref name="pmid19940490">{{cite journal| author=Bechtold S, Roth J| title=Natural history of growth and body composition in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. | journal=Horm Res | year= 2009 | volume= 72 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= 13-9 | pmid=19940490 | doi=10.1159/000229758 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19940490  }}</ref> <ref name="pmid9137323">{{cite journal| author=Polito C, Strano CG, Olivieri AN, Alessio M, Iammarrone CS, Todisco N | display-authors=etal| title=Growth retardation in non-steroid treated juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. | journal=Scand J Rheumatol | year= 1997 | volume= 26 | issue= 2 | pages= 99-103 | pmid=9137323 | doi=10.3109/03009749709115826 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9137323  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29940586">{{cite journal| author=de Zegher F, Reynaert N, De Somer L, Wouters C, Roelants M| title=Growth Failure in Children with Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Prolonged Inflammation despite Treatment with Biologicals: Late Normalization of Height by Combined Hormonal Therapies. | journal=Horm Res Paediatr | year= 2018 | volume= 90 | issue= 5 | pages= 337-343 | pmid=29940586 | doi=10.1159/000489778 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29940586  }}</ref>, [[Chronic kidney disease]]<ref name="pmid621287">{{cite journal| author=McSherry E, Morris RC| title=Attainment and maintenance of normal stature with alkali therapy in infants and children with classic renal tubular acidosis. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 1978 | volume= 61 | issue= 2 | pages= 509-27 | pmid=621287 | doi=10.1172/JCI108962 | pmc=372562 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=621287  }}</ref>, [[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid18059086">{{cite journal| author=Nandagopal R, Laverdière C, Mulrooney D, Hudson MM, Meacham L| title=Endocrine late effects of childhood cancer therapy: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. | journal=Horm Res | year= 2008 | volume= 69 | issue= 2 | pages= 65-74 | pmid=18059086 | doi=10.1159/000111809 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18059086  }}</ref><ref name="pmid2893877">{{cite journal| author=Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Morris-Jones PH, Price DA| title=Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. | journal=Lancet | year= 1988 | volume= 1 | issue= 8583 | pages= 460-2 | pmid=2893877 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91246-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2893877  }}</ref>, [[Pulmonary disease|Pulmonary disease,]][[Cardiac disease]], [[Immunological|Immunologic]] disease, [[Metabolic diseases]], [[Endocrine]] causes of [[growth failure]], [[Cushing syndrome]], [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Growth hormone deficiency]]
 
Undernutrition
 
[[Glucocorticoid]] therapy
 
[[Gastrointestinal]] disease
 
[[Rheumatologic disease]]
 
[[Chronic kidney disease]]
 
[[Cancer]]
 
[[Pulmonary disease]]
 
[[Cardiac disease]]
 
[[Immunological|Immunologic]] disease
 
[[Metabolic diseases]]
 
[[Endocrine]] causes of [[growth failure]]
 
[[Cushing syndrome]]
 
[[Hypothyroidism]]
 
[[Growth hormone deficiency]]  
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of <nowiki>[[disease name]]</nowiki> according the the [...] guidelines.
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of <nowiki>[[disease name]]</nowiki> according the the [...] guidelines.

Revision as of 10:06, 1 March 2021


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eman Alademi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Causes

Common Causes

Systemic disorders with secondary effects on growth[1][2][3]: Undernutrition [4], Glucocorticoid therapy[5][6][7][8][9][10], Gastrointestinal disease[11][12][13][14], Rheumatologic disease[15] [16][17], Chronic kidney disease[18], Cancer[19][20], Pulmonary disease,Cardiac disease, Immunologic disease, Metabolic diseases, Endocrine causes of growth failure, Cushing syndrome, Hypothyroidism, Growth hormone deficiency

Diagnosis

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of [[disease name]] according the the [...] guidelines.

 
 
 
Diagnosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Treatment

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of [[disease name]] according the the [...] guidelines.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Treatment
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Do's

  • The content in this section is in bullet points.

Don'ts

  • The content in this section is in bullet points.

References

  1. ↑ Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Monuteaux MC, Faraone SV (2010). "A naturalistic 10-year prospective study of height and weight in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder grown up: sex and treatment effects". J Pediatr. 157 (4): 635–40, 640.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.04.025. PMC 2943875. PMID 20605163.
  2. ↑ Swanson JM, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Wigal T, Arnold LE, Vitiello B; et al. (2007). "Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 46 (8): 1015–1027. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3180686d7e. PMID 17667480.
  3. ↑ Faraone SV, Biederman J, Morley CP, Spencer TJ (2008). "Effect of stimulants on height and weight: a review of the literature". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 47 (9): 994–1009. doi:10.1097/CHI.ObO13e31817eOea7. PMID 18580502.
  4. ↑ Lifshitz F, Moses N (1988). "Nutritional dwarfing: growth, dieting, and fear of obesity". J Am Coll Nutr. 7 (5): 367–76. doi:10.1080/07315724.1988.10720254. PMID 3053861.
  5. ↑ Lai HC, FitzSimmons SC, Allen DB, Kosorok MR, Rosenstein BJ, Campbell PW; et al. (2000). "Risk of persistent growth impairment after alternate-day prednisone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis". N Engl J Med. 342 (12): 851–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003233421204. PMID 10727589.
  6. ↑ Doull IJ, Freezer NJ, Holgate ST (1995). "Growth of prepubertal children with mild asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 151 (6): 1715–9. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767512. PMID 7767512.
  7. ↑ Wolthers OD, Pedersen S (1991). "Growth of asthmatic children during treatment with budesonide: a double blind trial". BMJ. 303 (6795): 163–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.303.6795.163. PMC 1670402. PMID 1878641.
  8. ↑ Punthakee Z, Legault L, Polychronakos C (2003). "Prednisolone in the treatment of adrenal insufficiency: a re-evaluation of relative potency". J Pediatr. 143 (3): 402–5. doi:10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00294-4. PMID 14517528.
  9. ↑ Allen DB, Julius JR, Breen TJ, Attie KM (1998). "Treatment of glucocorticoid-induced growth suppression with growth hormone. National Cooperative Growth Study". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83 (8): 2824–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.83.8.5036. PMID 9709954.
  10. ↑ Allen DB (1996). "Growth suppression by glucocorticoid therapy". Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 25 (3): 699–717. doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70348-0. PMID 8879994.
  11. ↑ Hernández M, Argente J, Navarro A, Caballo N, Barrios V, Hervás F; et al. (1992). "Growth in malnutrition related to gastrointestinal diseases: coeliac disease". Horm Res. 38 Suppl 1: 79–84. doi:10.1159/000182576. PMID 1284243.
  12. ↑ Vasseur F, Gower-Rousseau C, Vernier-Massouille G, Dupas JL, Merle V, Merlin B; et al. (2010). "Nutritional status and growth in pediatric Crohn's disease: a population-based study". Am J Gastroenterol. 105 (8): 1893–900. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.20. PMID 20145606.
  13. ↑ Sawczenko A, Sandhu BK (2003). "Presenting features of inflammatory bowel disease in Great Britain and Ireland". Arch Dis Child. 88 (11): 995–1000. doi:10.1136/adc.88.11.995. PMC 1719349. PMID 14612366.
  14. ↑ Sanderson IR (2014). "Growth problems in children with IBD". Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 11 (10): 601–10. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.102. PMID 24957008.
  15. ↑ Bechtold S, Roth J (2009). "Natural history of growth and body composition in juvenile idiopathic arthritis". Horm Res. 72 Suppl 1: 13–9. doi:10.1159/000229758. PMID 19940490.
  16. ↑ Polito C, Strano CG, Olivieri AN, Alessio M, Iammarrone CS, Todisco N; et al. (1997). "Growth retardation in non-steroid treated juvenile rheumatoid arthritis". Scand J Rheumatol. 26 (2): 99–103. doi:10.3109/03009749709115826. PMID 9137323.
  17. ↑ de Zegher F, Reynaert N, De Somer L, Wouters C, Roelants M (2018). "Growth Failure in Children with Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Prolonged Inflammation despite Treatment with Biologicals: Late Normalization of Height by Combined Hormonal Therapies". Horm Res Paediatr. 90 (5): 337–343. doi:10.1159/000489778. PMID 29940586.
  18. ↑ McSherry E, Morris RC (1978). "Attainment and maintenance of normal stature with alkali therapy in infants and children with classic renal tubular acidosis". J Clin Invest. 61 (2): 509–27. doi:10.1172/JCI108962. PMC 372562. PMID 621287.
  19. ↑ Nandagopal R, Laverdière C, Mulrooney D, Hudson MM, Meacham L (2008). "Endocrine late effects of childhood cancer therapy: a report from the Children's Oncology Group". Horm Res. 69 (2): 65–74. doi:10.1159/000111809. PMID 18059086.
  20. ↑ Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Morris-Jones PH, Price DA (1988). "Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia". Lancet. 1 (8583): 460–2. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91246-9. PMID 2893877.


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