Short Stature
| Short stature | |
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| ICD-10 | E34.3 |
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| ICD-9 | 783.43 |
| DiseasesDB | 18756 |
| MedlinePlus | 003271 |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ayesha Javid, MBBS[2]
Overview
Short stature is defined as a condition in which the height of an individual is in the 3rd percentile for the mean height of a given age, sex, and population group. According to Ranke (1996), “Short stature is defined as a condition in which the height of an individual is two standard deviations (SD) below the corresponding mean height of a given age, sex and population group.” [1]
Historical Perspective
Classification
There are two types of short stature,
Proportionate short stature (PSS)
Proportionate short stature (PSS) is when the person is small, but limbs and trunk height are in proportions.
Disproportionate short stature (DSS)
Whereas in disproportionate short stature (DSS), this proportion is absent, and the individual shows a great difference in his sitting and standing height.
Causes
PHYSIOLOGICAL CAUSES OF SHORT STATURE OR NORMAL VARIANTS OF GROWTH
Familial short stature
Constitutional delay of growth and puberty
Idiopathic short stature
Small for gestational age infants with catch-up growth
PATHOLOGIC CAUSES OF GROWTH FAILURE
Systemic disorders with secondary effects on growth
- Undernutrition
- Glucocorticoid therapy
- Gastrointestinal disease
- Rheumatologic disease
- Chronic kidney disease
- Cancer
- Pulmonary disease
- Cardiac disease
- Immunologic disease
- Metabolic diseases
Genetic Causes
Several genetic disorders have prominent effects on growth.
- Turner's Syndrome
- SHOX gene variant
- Prader-Willi Syndrome
- Noonan syndrome
- Silver-Russell syndrome
- Skeletal dysplasias/growth plate abnormalities
Endocrine Causes
- Cushing syndrome
- Hypothyroidism
- Growth hormone deficiency
Other causes of short stature
Psychosocial short stature
It is a growth disorder that is observed between the ages of 2 and 15, caused by extreme emotional deprivation or stress.
The symptoms include decreased growth hormone (GH) and somatomedin secretion, very short stature, weight that is inappropriate for the height, and immature skeletal age. This disease is a progressive one, and as long as the child is left in the stressing environment, their cognitive abilities continue to degenerate. Though rare in the population at large, it is common in feral children and in children kept in abusive, confined conditions for extended lengths of time. It can cause the body to completely stop growing but is generally considered to be temporary; regular growth will resume when the source of stress is removed
Epidemiology and Demographics
In the United States, 2.5% of the population is short. A study conducted on the school children age 4-16 years in the South Indian Population shows the overall prevalence of short stature was 2.86%.
Gender
People of both sexes are affected, but males are more likely to be brought to medical attention because of the prevalence of social expectations.
Age
- Different ethnic groups have different average statures, which are essential to take into consideration while comparing mean parameters.