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{{Adrenal insufficiency}}
{{Secondary adrenal insufficiency}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{ADS}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Adrenal insufficiency is classified into 2 types based on the level of impairment, primary adrenal insufficiency and secondary adrenal insufficiency. Secondary adrenal insufficiency may be further classified based on the causes into three types, such as [[Hypopituitarism|hypopituitary]] causes, [[medication]] causes, and [[Genetics|genetic]] causes.


==Classification==
==Classification==
There are three major types of adrenal insufficiency.
Adrenal insufficiency is classified into 2 types based on the level of impairment.
 
'''Primary adrenal insufficiency'''
* Primary adrenal insufficiency is due to impairment of the [[adrenal gland]], 80%  due to an [[autoimmune]] disease called [[Addison's disease]] or autoimmune adrenalitis. Also, the other cause includes [[autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1]] and [[Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2|type 2]].
'''Secondary adrenal insufficiency'''
* Secondary adrenal insufficiency is caused by impairment of the [[pituitary gland]] or [[hypothalamus]]. The principal causes include [[pituitary adenoma]] (which can suppress production of [[adrenocorticotropic hormone]] ([[Adrenocorticotropic hormone|ACTH]]) and lead to [[Adrenal insufficiency|adrenal deficiency]] unless the endogenous hormones are replaced); and [[Sheehan's syndrome]], which is associated with impairment of only the [[pituitary gland]].
* Secondary adrenal insufficiency may be further classified based on the causes into three types:
** [[Hypopituitarism|Hypopituitary]] causes
** [[Medication]] induced
** [[Genetics]]


* '''Primary adrenal insufficiency''' is due to impairment of the adrenal glands.
{{familytree/start}}
** One subtype is called [[idiopathic]] or unknown cause of adrenal insufficiency.
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | |A01= '''Adrenal Insufficiency'''}}
** 80% are due to an [[autoimmune disease]] called [[Addison's disease]] or [[autoimmune adrenalitis]].
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | }}
** Other cases are due to [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] or an [[adenoma]] (tumor) of the adrenal gland.
{{familytree | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
* '''Secondary adrenal insufficiency''' is caused by impairment of the [[pituitary gland]] or [[hypothalamus]].<ref name="Hypopituitary">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hypopituitary |title=hypopituitary |year=2006}}</ref> The most common cause in the United States is exogenous steroid use. Other causes are a [[pituitary adenoma]] or [[microadenoma]], [[hypothalamic tumor]] (surgical removal of a pituitary tumor can also suppress production of ACTH and lead to adrenal deficiency); [[Sheehan's syndrome]], which is associated with impairment of only the pituitary gland.
{{familytree | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
* '''Tertiary adrenal insufficiency''' is due to hypothalamic disease and decrease in [[corticotropin releasing factor]] (CRF).<ref>http://www.endotext.org/adrenal/adrenal13/adrenal13.htm</ref>
{{familytree | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | B02 |B01='''Primary adrenal insufficiency'''|B02='''Secondary adrenal insufficiency'''}}
{{familytree | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree |boxstyle=text-align: left | | C01 | | | | | | || | | | | C02|C01=•[[Addison's disease]]<br>•Autoimmune adrenalitis<br>•[[Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome]] type 1 and type 2<br>•Idiopathic|C02= '''Hypopituitarism'''<br> •Tumors-[[Craniopharyngioma]]<br>  •[[Tuberculosis]]<ref name="pmid21509318">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Mamari A, Balkhair A, Gujjar A, Ben Abid F, Al-Farqani A, Al-Hamadani A, Jain R |title=A case of disseminated tuberculosis with adrenal insufficiency |journal=Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=324–7 |year=2009 |pmid=21509318 |pmc=3074785 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="UpadhyaySudhindra2014">{{cite journal|last1=Upadhyay|first1=Jagriti|last2=Sudhindra|first2=Praveen|last3=Abraham|first3=George|last4=Trivedi|first4=Nitin|title=Tuberculosis of the Adrenal Gland: A Case Report and Review of the Literature of Infections of the Adrenal Gland|journal=International Journal of Endocrinology|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–7|issn=1687-8337|doi=10.1155/2014/876037}}</ref><br>
[[Histoplasmosis]] <ref name="pmid23777028">{{cite journal| author=Bhansali A, Das S, Dutta P, Walia R, Nahar U, Singh SK et al.| title=Adrenal histoplasmosis: unusual presentations. | journal=J Assoc Physicians India | year= 2012 | volume= 60 | issue=  | pages= 54-8 | pmid=23777028 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23777028  }} </ref><br>•Pituitary infarction-[[Sheehan's syndrome]], pituitary apoplexy<br>•Removal of pituitary due to metastasis<br>•Lymphycytic hypophysitis<br>•Head trauma<br>•Intracranial artery aneurysms<br>'''Drugs'''<br>•Chronic high dose steroid<br>•Opiates- Codeine, Morphine<br>'''Genetic causes'''<br>•Isolated ACTH deficiency<br>•POMC deficiency<br>•Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (CPHD)|}}
{{familytree/end}}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 17:02, 15 November 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2]

Overview

Adrenal insufficiency is classified into 2 types based on the level of impairment, primary adrenal insufficiency and secondary adrenal insufficiency. Secondary adrenal insufficiency may be further classified based on the causes into three types, such as hypopituitary causes, medication causes, and genetic causes.

Classification

Adrenal insufficiency is classified into 2 types based on the level of impairment.

Primary adrenal insufficiency

Secondary adrenal insufficiency

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Adrenal Insufficiency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary adrenal insufficiency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Secondary adrenal insufficiency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Addison's disease
•Autoimmune adrenalitis
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 and type 2
•Idiopathic
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hypopituitarism
•Tumors-Craniopharyngioma
Tuberculosis[1][2]
Histoplasmosis [3]
•Pituitary infarction-Sheehan's syndrome, pituitary apoplexy
•Removal of pituitary due to metastasis
•Lymphycytic hypophysitis
•Head trauma
•Intracranial artery aneurysms
Drugs
•Chronic high dose steroid
•Opiates- Codeine, Morphine
Genetic causes
•Isolated ACTH deficiency
•POMC deficiency
•Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (CPHD)

References

  1. Al-Mamari A, Balkhair A, Gujjar A, Ben Abid F, Al-Farqani A, Al-Hamadani A, Jain R (2009). "A case of disseminated tuberculosis with adrenal insufficiency". Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 9 (3): 324–7. PMC 3074785. PMID 21509318.
  2. Upadhyay, Jagriti; Sudhindra, Praveen; Abraham, George; Trivedi, Nitin (2014). "Tuberculosis of the Adrenal Gland: A Case Report and Review of the Literature of Infections of the Adrenal Gland". International Journal of Endocrinology. 2014: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2014/876037. ISSN 1687-8337.
  3. Bhansali A, Das S, Dutta P, Walia R, Nahar U, Singh SK; et al. (2012). "Adrenal histoplasmosis: unusual presentations". J Assoc Physicians India. 60: 54–8. PMID 23777028.

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