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| {{Infobox_Disease |
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| Name = {{PAGENAME}} |
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| Image = Schistosomiasis_itch.jpeg |
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| Caption = Skin vesicles created by the penetration of Schistosoma. Source: CDC |
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| DiseasesDB = |
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|65||b|65}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|120}} |
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| ICDO = |
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| OMIM = |
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| MedlinePlus = |
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| MeshID = D012552 |
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| }}
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| {{Schistosomiasis}} | | {{Schistosomiasis}} |
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ADG}} {{JH}}. |
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| | '''For patient information, click [[Schistosomiasis (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| | {{SK}} Bilharzia; Bilharziasis, Bilharziosis; Katayama fever, Blood fluke infection |
| | ==[[Schistosomiasis overview|Overview]]== |
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| | ==[[Schistosomiasis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| | ==[[Schistosomiasis classification|Classification]]== |
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| | ==[[Schistosomiasis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| | ==[[Schistosomiasis causes|Causes]]== |
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| ==Treatment== | | ==[[Schistosomiasis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Schistosomiasis from other Diseases]]== |
| Schistosomiasis is readily treated using a single oral dose of the drug [[Praziquantel]]. While Praziquantel is safe and highly effective in curing an infected patient, it does not prevent re-infection by cercariae and is thus not an optimum treatment for people living in endemic areas. As with other major parasitic diseases, there is ongoing and extensive research into developing a vaccine that will prevent the parasite from completing its life cycle in humans.
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| [[Antimony]] has been used in the past to treat the disease. In low doses, this [[toxic]] metalloid bonds to [[sulfur]] atoms in [[enzymes]] used by the parasite and kills it without harming the host. This treatment is not referred to in present-day peer-review scholarship; [[Praziquantel]] is universally used. Outside of the US, there is a second drug available for treating ''Schistosoma mansoni'' (exclusively) called [[Oxamniquine]]. | | ==[[Schistosomiasis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| Mirazid, a new Egyptian drug, is under investigation for oral treatment of the disease.
| | ==[[Schistosomiasis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| Experiments have shown medicinal [[Castor oil]] as an oral anti-penetration agent to prevent Schistosomiasis and that praziquantel's effectiveness depended upon the vehicle used to administer the drug (e.g., Cremophor / Castor oil).<ref>{{cite web | title=Schistosoma mansoni: experimental chemoprophylaxis in mice using oral anti-penetration agents. | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=2507345&query_hl=1itool=pubmed_docsum | format=| publisher=pubmed | accessdate=2007-01-25}}</ref>
| | ==[[Schistosomiasis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| Additionally Dr Chidzere of Zimbabwe researched the Gopo Berry (''Phytolacca dodecandra'') during the 1980's and found that the Gopo Berry could be used in the control of the freshwater snails which carry the bilharzia disease (Schistosomiasis parasite). Dr Chidzere in his interview to Andrew Blake (1989) reported concerns of muti-national chemical companies keen to rubbish the Gopu Berry alternative for snail control <ref> The Gopu Berry p33. Part 4 School Journal number.2 1989 Dept of Education Wellington N.Z </ref>. Reputedly Gopo Berries from hotter Ethiopia climates yield the best results. Later studies were between 1993-95 by the Danish Research Network for international health. <ref> http://enrecahealth.ku.dk/postgrad_dbl_en/chihaka_abs/ </ref>
| | ==Diagnosis== |
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| ==Prevention through good design==
| | [[Schistosomiasis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Schistosomiasis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Schistosomiasis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Schistosomiasis other imaging findings|Imaging Findings]] | [[Schistosomiasis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| The main focus of prevention is eliminating the water-borne snails which are [[natural reservoir]]s for the disease. This is usually done by identifying bodies of water, such as lakes, ponds, etc., which are infested, forbidding or warning against swimming and adding niclosamide, [[acrolein]], [[copper sulfate]], etc., to the water in order to kill the snails.
| | ==Treatment== |
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| Unfortunately for many years from the 1950s onwards, despite the efforts of some clinicians to get civil engineers to take it into account in their designs, civil engineeers built vast dam and irrigation schemes, oblivious of the fact that they would cause a massive rise in water-borne infections from schistosomiasis, even though with a little care the schemes could have been designed to minimise such effects, the detailed specifications having been laid out in various UN documents since the 1950s. Irrigation schemes can be designed to make it hard for the snails to colonise the water, and to reduce the contact with the local population.
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| <ref>Charnock, Anne (1980) Taking Bilharziasis out of the irrigation equation. New Civil Engineer, 7 August. 1980 Bilharzia caused by poor civil engineering design due to ignorance of cause and prevention</ref>
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| Failure for engineers to take this into account is an interesting example of the Relevance Paradox and is a good example of the failure of formal education and information systems to transmit tacit knowledge.
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| ==Prevention and hygiene==
| | [[Schistosomiasis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Schistosomiasis prevention|Prevention]] | [[Schistosomiasis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Schistosomiasis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| Prevention is best accomplished by eliminating the water-dwelling snails which are the [[natural reservoir]] of the disease. [[Acrolein]], [[copper sulfate]], and niclosamide can be used for this purpose. Recent studies have suggested that snail populations can be controlled by the introduction or augmentation of existing crayfish populations; as with all ecological interventions, however, this technique must be approached with caution.
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| Individuals can guard against schistosomiasis infection by avoiding bodies of water known or likely to harbor the carrier snails.
| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Schistosomiasis case study one|Case #1]] |
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| In 1989, Aklilu Lemma and Legesse Wolde-Yohannes received the Right Livelihood Award for their research on the sapindus-Plant (''Phytolacca dodecandra''), as a preventative measure for the disease.
| | == Related Chapters== |
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| == Histopathology: Rectum, Schistosomiasis== | |
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| {{#ev:youtube|9VpqxnPRvL8}}
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Tropical disease]] | | * [[Tropical disease]] |
| | * [[Schistosoma]] |
| | * [[Swimmer's itch]] |
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| * [[Center for Disease Control]], ''[http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Schistosomiasis.htm Schistosomiasis]''. (2004)
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.who.int/wormcontrol/en/ World Health Organization Partners for Parasite Control website]
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| * [http://www.who.int/wormcontrol/documents/fact_sheets/schistosomiasis/en/ World Health Organization fact sheet on the disease]
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| * [http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/labnotes5/animation_popups/schisto.html Wellcome animation of the life cycle of the parasite]
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| * [http://www.schisto.org Schistosomiasis Control Initiative]
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| * [http://www.eu-contrast.eu CONTRAST, a research project on optimized schistosomiasis control in Sub-saharan Africa]
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| * [http://www.who.int/tdr/ World Health Organization Tropical Disease Research programme]
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| * [http://www.path.cam.ac.uk/~schisto Cambridge University Schistosomiasis Research Group]
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| * [http://www.york.ac.uk/res/schisto/ York University Schistosomiasis Research Group]
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| * [http://www.cartercenter.org/healthprograms/program4.htm Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Control and Prevention: The Carter Center Schistosomiasis Control Program]
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| * [http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/schistosomiasis.html Links to Schistosomiasis pictures (Hardin MD/Univ of Iowa)]
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| * [http://bioinfo.cpqrr.fiocruz.br FIOCRUZ - Schistomiasis Research Group]
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| * [http://www.ucsf.edu/mckerrow/slide.html Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco]
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| * [http://www.neighbourhoodnews.com.au/default.asp?sourceid=&smenu=1&twindow=&mad=&sdetail=3948&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=&pform=&sc=1175&hn=neighbourhoodnews&he=.com.au Vacine developed in Queensland, Australia]
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| *[http://www.dblnet.dk DBL - Centre for Health Research and Development]
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| *10. Charnock, Anne (1980) Taking Bilharziasis out of the irrigation equation. New Civil Engineer, 7 August. Bilharzia caused by poor civil engineering design due to ignorance of cause and prevention.
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| <!-- [[Category:Diving medicine]] No connection with diving made in the article! -->
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| [[tr:Şistozomiyaz]] | | [[tr:Şistozomiyaz]] |
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| | | [[Category:Disease]] |
| [[Category:Water-borne diseases]] | | [[Category:Water-borne diseases]] |
| [[Category:Parasitic diseases]] | | [[Category:Parasitic diseases]] |
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| [[Category:Hepatology]] | | [[Category:Hepatology]] |
| [[Category:Neglected diseases]] | | [[Category:Neglected diseases]] |
| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
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