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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2]
Hyperventilation
| Organ system
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Diseases
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Clinical manifestations
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Diagnosis
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Other features
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| Symptoms
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Physical exam
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| Chest pain
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Dyspnea
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Fever
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Palpitations
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Cyanosis
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Tachypnea
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JVD
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Peripheral edema
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Auscultation
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ABGs
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Lab findings
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Imaging
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PFT
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Gold standard
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| Pulmonary system
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Pneumothorax
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+
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+
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_
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_
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X- ray -
- Mediastinal shift
- Deep sulcus sign
- Hydropneumothorax
- CT-scan- Bullae
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CT-scan
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- Hypoxia,
- Hypercapnia
- Hyperesonance to percussion,
- Vocal resonance
- Tactile fremitus decreased
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| Pulmonary embolism
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| Pneumonia
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-
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- Bronchial breath sounds
- Crepitations
- Bronchophony
- Egophony
- Whispering pectoroloqy
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- CBC
- Blood culture
- Mantoux test
- Serology (mycoplasma, viruses)
- Sputum: Gram stain and culture
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- CXR- Lobar consolidation, Air bronchogram;
- Atypical pneumonia: Diffuse interstitial infiltrates
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| Exacerbation of asthma/COPD
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-
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-
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+
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+
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-
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-
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- Decreased breath sounds
- Wheezing
- Coarse crackles
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- Increased PaCo2
- Decreased PaO2
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- CBC- Increased hematocrit from chronic hypoxia
- Sputum evaluation, BNP( to rule out heart failure)
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- X- ray:
- Hyperinflated lungs
- Flattening of the diaphragm
- Narrow heart shadow
- Cardiomegaly
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- Increased TLC
- Increased RV
- Decreased Vital capacity
- Decreased DLco ( Emphysema)
- Normal DLco ( Chronic bronchitis)
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- HRCT ( High resolution computed tomography of the lung)
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- Productive cough
- Exercise intolerance
- Altered mental status
- Cor-pulmonale
- Hyperresonance on percussion
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| Interstitial lung disease
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+
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-/+
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-/+
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-
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- Increased A-a gradient
- Decreased PaO2
- Increased PaCo2
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- Chest X-ray- Reticular infiltrates
- Honey combing
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- FEV1 decreased
- FVC decreased
- TLC decreased
- RV decreased
- DLco decreased
- FEV1/FVC normal
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- HRCT -more accurate than chest xray
- Most accurate test is lung biopsy
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- Physical examination shows clubbing
- Decreased pulmonary compliance
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| Intrapulmonary shunt
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| Upper airway obstruction
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-/+
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+
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-
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-/+
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-/+
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+
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-/+
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-
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Inspiratory stridor
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- Increased PaCo2
- Decreased PaO2
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- Plain radiograph of the neck
- Steeple sign (Croup in pediatric population)
- CT
- MRI
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Decreased vital capacity
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- Hoarseness
- Accessory muscle use during respiration
- Chest retractions
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| High altitude sickness
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| Cardiovascular system
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Acute coronary syndrome
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| Heart failure
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| Dysrhythmias
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| Shock
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| Metabolic/Systemic disorders
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Diabetic ketoacidosis
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| Hypocalcemia
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| Hypoglycemia
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| Endocrine system
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Hyperthyroidism
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| Pheochromocytoma
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| CNS
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Central nervous system tumor
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| Anxiety/panic attacks
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| Others
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Pregnancy
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| Hepatic failure
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| Sepsis
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