Sandbox:Madhu: Difference between revisions
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=== Discovery === | === Discovery === | ||
* DES was first described by Osgood, in 1889. | * DES was first described by Osgood, in 1889 in 6 patients who presented with chest pain and dysphagia. | ||
* | * Creamer (1954) made the first manometric descriptions of DES. | ||
* In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name]. | * In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name]. | ||
* In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name]. | * In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name]. | ||
Revision as of 01:41, 29 October 2017
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Madhu Sigdel
Historical Perspective
Discovery
- DES was first described by Osgood, in 1889 in 6 patients who presented with chest pain and dysphagia.
- Creamer (1954) made the first manometric descriptions of DES.
- In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
- In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
Outbreaks
- There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], which are summarized below:
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
Impact on Cultural History
Famous Cases
- The following are a few famous cases of disease name:
References
Classification of DES
- There is no established system for the classification of DES although it is categorized as one of the major disorders of Peristalsis according to The Chicago Classification v.3.0
Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of Diffuse Esophageal Spasm include Age (60-80 years), presence of GERD, Hypertension, anxiety or depression, and drinks (eg. red wine, very hot or cold liquid or fluid).
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
- The exact pathogenesis of DES is not fully understood. However, current high-resolution manometric studies suggest impairment of inhibitory myenteric plexus neuron. These neurons use nitric oxide (NO) as neurotransmitter. Hence, these patients may also have dysregulation of endogenous NO synthesis or/and degradation. The final result being premature and rapidly propagated or simultaneous contraction of smooth muscles of distal esophagus.