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{{Xyz}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}}Madhu Sigdel
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MSI}}


== Classification of DES ==
{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}}
* There is no established system for the classification of DES although it is categorized as one of the types of esophageal motility disorder according to The Chicago Classification v.3.0
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=Check pH on ABG}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | |B02| | |B01=pH<7.35=Acidosis|B02=pH>7.45=Alkalosis}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=Check PaCO2}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | D01 | | D02 | | | | | | D03 |D01=PaCO2 > 45mm Hg = Respiratory acidosis Primary cause: hypoventilation|D02= PaCO2 Normal or > 35mm Hg = Metabolic acidosis|D03=Check PaCO2}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|.| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |E02| | E03 | |E02=PaCO2 > 45mm Hg = Metabolic alkalosis|E03=PaCO2<35mm Hg = Respiratory alkalosis Primary cause: hyperventilation}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | F01 | | | F02 |F01=HCO3- > 29 eg. vomiting|F02=Check HCO3-}}
{{Familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | }}
{{Familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |C01 | | | | C02 |C01= Normal or slight decrease = Acute respiratory alkalosis eg. fever, panic attack| C02= Decreased < 24 = Chronic respiratory alkalosis eg. Anemia, CNS causes}}
{{familytree/end}}


== Risk Factors ==
==Overview==
* Common risk factors in the development of Diffuse Esophageal Spasm include Age (60-80 years), presence of GERD, Hypertension, anxiety or depression, and drinks (eg. red wine, very hot or cold liquid or fluid).
The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.


== Pathophysiology ==
OR
 
The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].


=== Pathogenesis ===
==History and Symptoms==
* The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
*The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
OR
OR
* It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
*The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
* [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
*Symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].  
* Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
===History===
* [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
Patients with [disease name]] may have a positive history of:
* The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
*[History finding 1]
* The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
*[History finding 2]
*[History finding 3]
===Common Symptoms===
Common symptoms of [disease] include:
*[Symptom 1]
*[Symptom 2]
*[Symptom 3]
 
===Less Common Symptoms===
Less common symptoms of [disease name] include
*[Symptom 1]
*[Symptom 2]
*[Symptom 3]
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


*
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category: (name of the system)]]

Latest revision as of 17:55, 26 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Madhu Sigdel M.B.B.S.[2]

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Check pH on ABG
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
pH<7.35=Acidosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
pH>7.45=Alkalosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Check PaCO2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PaCO2 > 45mm Hg = Respiratory acidosis Primary cause: hypoventilation
 
PaCO2 Normal or > 35mm Hg = Metabolic acidosis
 
 
 
 
 
Check PaCO2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PaCO2 > 45mm Hg = Metabolic alkalosis
 
PaCO2<35mm Hg = Respiratory alkalosis Primary cause: hyperventilation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HCO3- > 29 eg. vomiting
 
 
Check HCO3-
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Normal or slight decrease = Acute respiratory alkalosis eg. fever, panic attack
 
 
 
Decreased < 24 = Chronic respiratory alkalosis eg. Anemia, CNS causes

Overview

The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

History and Symptoms

  • The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

  • The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
  • Symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

History

Patients with [disease name]] may have a positive history of:

  • [History finding 1]
  • [History finding 2]
  • [History finding 3]

Common Symptoms

Common symptoms of [disease] include:

  • [Symptom 1]
  • [Symptom 2]
  • [Symptom 3]

Less Common Symptoms

Less common symptoms of [disease name] include

  • [Symptom 1]
  • [Symptom 2]
  • [Symptom 3]

References

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