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Major molecular events in the pathogenesis of HCC
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Genomic alterations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Epigenetic modifications
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Growthfactor pathway alterations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gene Mutations
 
Gene Amplification
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
DNA methylation micro RNA
 
 
 
 
Micro RNA
 
 
 
 
 
LNC RNA
 
 
 
 
 
 
Major Signaling pathways
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rotavirus
Norovirus
•Enteric Adenovirus
Astroviruses
 
•Kobuviruses
Enterovirus
Orthoreovirus
•Torovirus
Coronavirus
(including SARS)
Parvovirus
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gram Positive
 
 
 
 
Gram Negative
 
 
 
 
 
Gram Positive
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gram Negative
Elderly Male with jaundice from pancreatic cancer, By James Heilman, MD (Own work) [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons [1]



Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dildar Hussain, MBBS [2]

Overview

The Spleen is the most common affected organ in the abdomen as a consequence of trauma to the abdomen.The trauma can be due to number of reasons such as road traffic accidents,falls and domestic violence.There are a number of non traumatic reasons of splenic rupture due to an underlying pathology.

Classification

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Common casuses

The most common Cause of the splenic rupture remains blunt trauma to the abdomen.The other common causes of splenic rupture includes.[2]

  • Neoplasms
  • Infections
  • Non Infectious
  • Therapy related
  • Mechanical Causes


Less common causes

The less common causes of splenic rupture are difficult to diagnose and can be threatening. Some less common causes of splenic rupture are as follows:

  • Autologus stem cell transplantation in AL Amyloidosis patients[3]

Differentiating Splenic Rupture from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-Ray

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

References

  1. "File:Jaundice08.jpg - Wikimedia Commons". External link in |title= (help)
  2. Renzulli P, Hostettler A, Schoepfer AM, Gloor B, Candinas D (2009). "Systematic review of atraumatic splenic rupture". Br J Surg. 96 (10): 1114–21. doi:10.1002/bjs.6737. PMID 19787754.
  3. Sato S, Tamai Y, Okada S, Kannbe E, Takeda K, Tanaka E (2017). "Atraumatic Splenic Rupture due to Ectopic Extramedullary Hematopoiesis after Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in a Patient with AL Amyloidosis". Intern Med. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.9018-17. PMID 29093392.