Salmonellosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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[[image:Salmonella.png|600px|thumb|center|<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dfwed/PDFs/salmonella-annual-report-2011-508c.pdf  Adapted from Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)]''<ref name="Salmonella">{{Cite web | title = Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | url = http://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dfwed/PDFs/salmonella-annual-report-2011-508c.pdf}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]  
[[image:Salmonella.png|600px|thumb|center|<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dfwed/PDFs/salmonella-annual-report-2011-508c.pdf  Adapted from Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)]''<ref name="Salmonella">{{Cite web | title = Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | url = http://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dfwed/PDFs/salmonella-annual-report-2011-508c.pdf}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]  
==2017 Outbreak updates ==
{| style="border: 0px; margin: 5px;" width="1000px"
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Country'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; padding: 10px 10px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Date'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Cases''' (confirmed and suspected)}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Deaths'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''More details'''}}
|-
| rowspan="15" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" | The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" |May 12th, 2017|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |9|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |1 (11.1%)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |
* In May 11th, 2017, WHO declared a lab confirmed case in Bas-Uele region in the northeast Congo. Nine cases were hospitalized for [[hemorrhagic fever]] and three of them died. Only one case was confirmed to have [[Ebola virus]].
* Despite being a serious situation, it's considered a good sign that the [[outbreak]] struck in a remote and forested region
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" |May 14th, 2017
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |11
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |3 (27%)<ref name="urlEbola kills 3 in Democratic Republic of Congo, WHO says - CNN.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/14/health/ebola-outbreak-congo-drc/ |title=Ebola kills 3 in Democratic Republic of Congo, WHO says - CNN.com |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |
* The extent of the [[outbreak]] is not yet fully estimated but WHO recommends restriction of trade and travel with DRC.<ref name="urlEbola kills 3 in Democratic Republic of Congo, WHO says - CNN.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/14/health/ebola-outbreak-congo-drc/ |title=Ebola kills 3 in Democratic Republic of Congo, WHO says - CNN.com |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* WHO's general director in Africa has met governmental representatives in Kinshasa to discuss measures to contain the [[outbreak]].
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" |May 17th, 2017
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |11
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |3 (27%)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |
* About 125 people of the contacts of the infected people are being monitored for possible development of the symptoms.
* Isolation facilities are being set up in case the [[outbreak]] involves wider areas.
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" | May 18th, 2017
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 18
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 3 (17%)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |
*The number of contacts of infected people that are being followed and monitored for development of symptoms rises to 400.
*Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers has been shipped to DR Congo.
*UNICEF workers have arrived and began aiding in setting up mobile laboratory sites in nearby regions.
*The Congolese government is in talks with the WHO in regards to "ring vaccination" of patient contacts with an [[Vaccine|experimental vaccine]] developed by an American company.
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" | May 19th, 2017
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 29
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 3 (10%)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |
*416 contacts of infected patients are being followed.
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" | May 21st, 2017
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 32
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 4 (13%)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |
*The reported cases are from five health areas: Nambwa, Muma, Ngayi, Azande, and Ngabatala
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" | May 22nd, 2017
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 34
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 4 (12%)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |
* 54 contacts completed daily contact monitoring and 362 remain under follow up with daily monitoring
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" | May 22nd, 2017
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 37
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 4 (11%)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |
* Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale (INRB)) mobile laboratory began processing samples with 22 testing negative by [[PCR]]
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" | May 22nd, 2017
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 38
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 4 (11%)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |
* 33 samples have tested negative by [[PCR]] thus far
* 3 additional contacts were identified. 365 contacts remain under daily follow up for signs and symptoms of [[ebola]].
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" | May 25th, 2017
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 43
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 4 (9%)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |
* Experts estimate  that the 1400 Km isolation around Kinshasa has limited the spread of the disease.<ref name="urlCongo’s Ebola outbreak threatens CAR – WHO - Vanguard News">{{cite web |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/congos-ebola-outbreak-threatens-car/ |title=Congo’s Ebola outbreak threatens CAR – WHO - Vanguard News |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* However, refugee flow across the borders towards the afflicted Bas-Uele region escaping the recent attacks of fighting militias puts the refugees at increased risk of [[infection]] and undermines the efforts to contain the [[outbreak]].
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" | May 28th, 2017
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 43
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 4 (9%)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |
*No new reported cases nor deaths
*357 contacts are being monitored for symptoms and signs of [[ebola]]
*Based on the limited number of new confirmed cases, the risk is declared to be low with simulated scenarios predict no further cases in the following 30 days.<ref name="urlapps.who.int">{{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255573/1/EbolaDRC-28052017.pdf?ua=1 |title=apps.who.int |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" | May 30th, 2017
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 52
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" | 4 (7%)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |
* Authorities in DRC approves the new  rVSV-ZEBOV [[vaccine]].
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" |June 3rd, 2017
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |52
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |4 (7%)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |
* No new confirmed cases .. with the last confirmed case was on May 22nd 2017
* All the contacts of confirmed cases completed the follow up period of 21 days and none of them developed the symptoms of [[ebola]].
* The risk remains low but not negligible.
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" |July 2nd, 2017
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |8 (confirmed cases)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |4 (50%)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;" |
* On July 2nd 2017, [[WHO]] declared that the recent outbreak has come to an end. This comes after 42 days of follow up of the contacts of the last diagnosed case (representing 2 incubation cycles of the [[virus]]).<ref name="urlWHO declares an end to the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo - WHO | Regional Office for Africa">{{cite web |url=http://www.afro.who.int/en/media-centre/pressreleases/item/9744-who-declares-an-end-to-the-ebola-outbreak-in-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo.html |title=WHO declares an end to the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo - WHO &#124; Regional Office for Africa |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* In total, 8 cases were confirmed to have [[ebola]], 4 of them died. Only 5 of the 8 cases were laboratory confirmed.
* For these 8 cases, there were 583 contacts that have been closely monitored. None of the contacts developed the symptoms of ebola.
* The DRC government success to control the outbreak is thought to be due to:
:* Reporting the cases by local authorities in the proper time before further spread of the disease.
:* Testing blood samples and confirming the disease in a timely fashion (due to augmented lab facilities after the last [[outbreak]])
:* Announcing the [[outbreak]] early by the government, which allowed early response by the [[WHO]].
* Survivors of the outbreak still have access to medical facilities allowing screening for persistent [[virus]].


===Age===
===Age===

Revision as of 13:11, 17 November 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Salmonellosis is a global health issue and is estimated to cause approximately 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis each year. There are major limitations preventing assessment of the global burden of salmonellosis. Many regions of the world, especially those with a large proportion of the global population such as South/Southeast Asia and South America, do not have publicly available data regarding salmonellosis surveillance. In the U.S., the incidence rate was approximately 2.8 cases per 100,000 persons in 2008. In Europe, the overall reported incidence rate was 39.01 per 100,000 persons in 2005.[1] Children and the elderly have a higher rate of incidence.[2]

Incidence

Worlwide, salmonellosis is estimated to cause approximately 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis each year. In 2005, the estimated overall incidence rate for Europe was 39.01 per 100,000 persons. The countries with highest reported incidence were the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In 2007, the notification rate of salmonellosis by EU and EEA/EFTA countries was 34.26 per 100,000 persons. In the U.S., Salmonella causes approximately 1 million foodborne infections annually. The incidence of salmonellosis in the U.S., was approximately 2.8 cases per 100,000 persons in 2008. Incidence was highest in the youngest age groups(≤ 4 years) at approximately 4.7 - 6.9 cases per 100,000 population. [2][1]

Adapted from Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)[3]

Age

The highest incidence of salmonellosis occurs in the age group 0-4. Older age groups also have a greater incidence.

Gender

The incidence of salmonellosis does not vary by gender.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Chai SJ, White PL, Lathrop SL, Solghan SM, Medus C, McGlinchey BM; et al. (2012). "Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: increasing incidence of domestically acquired infections". Clin Infect Dis. 54 Suppl 5: S488–97. doi:10.1093/cid/cis231. PMID 22572674.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, Angulo FJ, Kirk M, O'Brien SJ; et al. (2010). "The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (6): 882–9. doi:10.1086/650733. PMID 20158401.
  3. ↑ "Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" (PDF).


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